Born 25 December 1642, Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire [Died] March 20, 1727, London. British mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. Born into a farming family and having a difficult childhood, he graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge with the help of his uncle (1665). He returned home temporarily in 1665 due to the plague epidemic. During this time, he invented the binomial theorem, differential calculus, researched the properties of light and color, invented the reflecting telescope, and is said to have come up with the basic idea of universal gravitation. In 1667, he returned to Cambridge and succeeded his teacher I. Barrow as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics (69). He was a member of the Royal Society (72). He was a Member of Parliament (88). He served as Master of the Mint (99) before retiring from the university (1701). He was knighted in 1705. He incorporated the major achievements of Kepler, Galilei, Huygens, and others in 17th-century mechanics and astronomy, and established a universal theory of mechanics (classical mechanics) based on the concept of absolute space-time, the laws of motion, and the law of universal gravitation. He published his major work, Principia (1687), and established the greatest achievement in the history of science as a model of modern mathematical natural science. On the other hand, he announced in 1672 that white light is a mixture of various colors of light, and that each monochromatic light has a certain refractive index and reflectivity for each substance. This idea not only fundamentally changed the conventional concept of optics, but also combined with his experimental research in chemistry (or alchemy) to elucidate the microstructure of natural objects through their colors. He clarified the periodic nature of light from his mathematical research on thin-film interference colors (known as his research on Newton's rings) (75-76), and further developed his research on optical and chemical phenomena, focusing on the problem of the interaction between light and matter, or between material particles, and compiled it in his large work Optics (1704). In particular, the “Questions” at the end of the book, which raised a wide range of fruitful questions for 18th-century scientists, may have had a greater impact than the Principia. In his later years, as President of the Royal Society (03), he trained many excellent students and devoted himself to the study of theology and biblical chronology. Newton |
[生]1642.12.25. リンカーンシャー,ウールズソープ [没]1727.3.20. ロンドン イギリスの数学者,物理学者,天文学者。農家に生れ恵まれない少年時代をおくったのち,叔父の助力でケンブリッジ大学トリニティ・カレッジを卒業 (1665) 。 1665年のペストの流行で一時帰郷。この間に二項定理,微分法の発明,光と色の性質に関する研究,反射望遠鏡の発明のほか,万有引力の基本的着想を得たといわれる。 67年ケンブリッジに戻り,師 I.バローを継いでルーカス数学教授に就任 (69) 。ロイヤル・ソサエティ会員 (72) 。国会議員 (88) 。造幣局長官 (99) をつとめ,大学を辞める (1701) 。 1705年ナイトの称号を授かる。ケプラー,ガリレイ,ホイヘンスらの 17世紀力学,天文学の主要業績を包摂し,絶対時空間の概念,運動の法則,万有引力の法則を基礎とする普遍的力学理論体系 (古典力学) を構築,主著『プリンキピア』 (1687) として公刊,近代の数学的自然科学のモデルとして科学史上最大の業績を打立てた。一方 1672年に発表した,白色光は種々の色光が混成したものであり,各単色光はそれぞれ物質に対して一定の屈折率と反射能を有するという考えは,従来の光学概念を根底から変えたばかりでなく,彼の化学 (ないし錬金術) の実験的研究と結びついて,自然物体の色を通して物体の微細構造を解明しようとするものであった。彼は薄膜干渉色の数学的研究 (ニュートンリングの研究として知られる) から光の周期的性質を明らかにし (75~76) ,さらに光と物質,あるいは物質粒子間の相互作用の問題を中心に据えて光学・化学現象の研究を発展させ,大著『光学』 (1704) にまとめた。特に巻末に付された「疑問」は,18世紀科学者への広範で実り豊かな問題提起として,実質的には『プリンキピア』より大きな影響を与えたともいえよう。晩年はロイヤル・ソサエティ会長 (03) として多くのすぐれた弟子を育てるとともに,神学,聖書年代学の研究にも没頭した。 ニュートン
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