Sir Isaac Newton

Japanese: ニュートン(英語表記)Newton, Sir Isaac
Sir Isaac Newton
Born 25 December 1642, Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire
[Died] March 20, 1727, London. British mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. Born into a farming family and having a difficult childhood, he graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge with the help of his uncle (1665). He returned home temporarily in 1665 due to the plague epidemic. During this time, he invented the binomial theorem, differential calculus, researched the properties of light and color, invented the reflecting telescope, and is said to have come up with the basic idea of ​​universal gravitation. In 1667, he returned to Cambridge and succeeded his teacher I. Barrow as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics (69). He was a member of the Royal Society (72). He was a Member of Parliament (88). He served as Master of the Mint (99) before retiring from the university (1701). He was knighted in 1705. He incorporated the major achievements of Kepler, Galilei, Huygens, and others in 17th-century mechanics and astronomy, and established a universal theory of mechanics (classical mechanics) based on the concept of absolute space-time, the laws of motion, and the law of universal gravitation. He published his major work, Principia (1687), and established the greatest achievement in the history of science as a model of modern mathematical natural science. On the other hand, he announced in 1672 that white light is a mixture of various colors of light, and that each monochromatic light has a certain refractive index and reflectivity for each substance. This idea not only fundamentally changed the conventional concept of optics, but also combined with his experimental research in chemistry (or alchemy) to elucidate the microstructure of natural objects through their colors. He clarified the periodic nature of light from his mathematical research on thin-film interference colors (known as his research on Newton's rings) (75-76), and further developed his research on optical and chemical phenomena, focusing on the problem of the interaction between light and matter, or between material particles, and compiled it in his large work Optics (1704). In particular, the “Questions” at the end of the book, which raised a wide range of fruitful questions for 18th-century scientists, may have had a greater impact than the Principia. In his later years, as President of the Royal Society (03), he trained many excellent students and devoted himself to the study of theology and biblical chronology.

Newton
Newton, Helmut

Born: October 31, 1920, Berlin, Weimar Republic
[Died] January 23, 2004. Los Angeles, California, USA. Fashion photographer. He stood out for his bold, provocative, and sexy style. Born into a wealthy Jewish family in Berlin. In 1938, he fled to Singapore to escape persecution by the rising Nazis, and then moved to Australia. He gained Australian citizenship in 1947, and married June Brunelle, a famous Australian actress and model, in 1948. He moved to London in 1956, and then to Paris, where he continued to work. Since the 1970s, he has frequently used tall female models for magazines such as Elle and Marie Claire, and has released a series of provocative works exuding sadistic, fetishistic images and decadent eroticism, which have made him a leading figure in the world of fashion photography.

Newton
Newton, Sir Charles Thomas

Born 16 September 1816 at Bredwardine, Hereford
[Died] November 28, 1894. Margate, Kent. British archaeologist. After graduating from Oxford University, he became assistant in the archaeological section of the British Museum in 1840, but resigned in 1852 to be posted as vice-consul to Mytilene on the island of Lesbos to investigate Asia Minor. He carried out many excavations under the patronage of Lord Stafford, and discovered the ruins of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. He investigated various parts of Anatolia and brought many of his collections back to Britain. In 1862, he became the first director of the Greek and Roman section of the British Museum, and served as professor of archaeology at the University of London from 1880 to 1888.

Newton
Newton, John

Born: July 24, 1725, London
Died December 21, 1807, London. An Anglican priest of the Low Church in England. Hymn writer. One of the leaders of the 18th century English Religious Awakening Movement. He had been a sailor and slave trader without a formal education, but experienced a conversion in 1747. After self-study, he was appointed assistant priest at Olney in 1764, and co-wrote the Olney Hymns (1779) with his close friend, the poet W. Cooper. His other works include Cardiphonia (81).

Newton
Newton

A city in eastern Massachusetts, USA, bordering Boston to the west. Settlements began along the Charles River in the mid-17th century, and in the mid-19th century, a railroad was built from Boston to Worcester (now Penn Central), and the city became a suburban residential area. It is a garden city with 14 settlements on hilly land. In a limited area of ​​the city, there are factories for textiles, rubber, plastics, etc. There are also various colleges, including Andover Newton Theological Seminary (founded in 1808). Population 82,585 (1990).

Newton
Newton

A city in central Kansas, USA. Founded in 1871, it served as a railroad station for loading cattle sent by cowboys from Texas between 1871 and 1873. In the 1870s, a variety of wheat brought by Russian immigrants became the state's main crop. Today, it is the center of wheat-growing areas, with railroad repair shops, food processing plants, flour mills, and other factories. Population 16,700 (1990).

Newton
Newton, John

Born: August 24, 1823. Norfolk, Virginia.
[Died] May 1, 1895. New York. American soldier and engineer officer. After graduating from the United States Military Academy, he worked on defense construction and fort construction along the American coast from 1842 to 1861. During the American Civil War, he served as an officer in the Union Army in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and other battles. He retired in 1886 and became president of the Panama Railroad.

Newton
Newton

The SI derived unit of force. Its symbol is N. 1N is the force that acts on an object of mass 1kg and gives it an acceleration of 1m/ s2 , so 1N=1kg・m/ s2 . The unit is named after I. Newton.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1642.12.25. リンカーンシャー,ウールズソープ
[没]1727.3.20. ロンドン
イギリスの数学者,物理学者,天文学者。農家に生れ恵まれない少年時代をおくったのち,叔父の助力でケンブリッジ大学トリニティ・カレッジを卒業 (1665) 。 1665年のペストの流行で一時帰郷。この間に二項定理,微分法の発明,光と色の性質に関する研究,反射望遠鏡の発明のほか,万有引力の基本的着想を得たといわれる。 67年ケンブリッジに戻り,師 I.バローを継いでルーカス数学教授に就任 (69) 。ロイヤル・ソサエティ会員 (72) 。国会議員 (88) 。造幣局長官 (99) をつとめ,大学を辞める (1701) 。 1705年ナイトの称号を授かる。ケプラー,ガリレイ,ホイヘンスらの 17世紀力学,天文学の主要業績を包摂し,絶対時空間の概念,運動の法則,万有引力の法則を基礎とする普遍的力学理論体系 (古典力学) を構築,主著『プリンキピア』 (1687) として公刊,近代の数学的自然科学のモデルとして科学史上最大の業績を打立てた。一方 1672年に発表した,白色光は種々の色光が混成したものであり,各単色光はそれぞれ物質に対して一定の屈折率と反射能を有するという考えは,従来の光学概念を根底から変えたばかりでなく,彼の化学 (ないし錬金術) の実験的研究と結びついて,自然物体の色を通して物体の微細構造を解明しようとするものであった。彼は薄膜干渉色の数学的研究 (ニュートンリングの研究として知られる) から光の周期的性質を明らかにし (75~76) ,さらに光と物質,あるいは物質粒子間の相互作用の問題を中心に据えて光学・化学現象の研究を発展させ,大著『光学』 (1704) にまとめた。特に巻末に付された「疑問」は,18世紀科学者への広範で実り豊かな問題提起として,実質的には『プリンキピア』より大きな影響を与えたともいえよう。晩年はロイヤル・ソサエティ会長 (03) として多くのすぐれた弟子を育てるとともに,神学,聖書年代学の研究にも没頭した。

ニュートン
Newton, Helmut

[生]1920.10.31. ワイマール共和国,ベルリン
[没]2004.1.23. アメリカ合衆国,カリフォルニア,ロサンゼルス
ファッション写真家。大胆で刺激的,そしてセクシーな作風で異彩を放った。ベルリンの裕福なユダヤ人家庭に生まれた。1938年,台頭してきたナチスの迫害を逃れてシンガポールへ脱出,その後オーストラリアに移る。1947年に市民権を得,1948年にオーストラリアの有名女優でモデルのジューン・ブルネルと結婚した。1956年からはロンドン,その後パリへと拠点を変えながら活躍を続け,1970年代以降『エル』や『マリ・クレール』などの雑誌を舞台に長身の女性モデルを多用し,サディスティックでフェティッシュなイメージや退廃的なエロティシズムが漂う挑発的な作品を続々と発表,世界のファッション写真界で第一人者の地位に上りつめた。

ニュートン
Newton, Sir Charles Thomas

[生]1816.9.16. ヘレフォード,ブレドワーダイン
[没]1894.11.28. ケント,マーゲイト
イギリスの考古学者。オックスフォード大学を卒業後,1840年に大英博物館の考古学室の助手となったが,52年に辞任し,小アジア地方の調査を目的に,レスボス島のミティリニに副領事として赴任した。スタッフォード卿の後援のもとに多くの発掘を行い,ハリカルナッソスのマウソレウム遺跡を発見。アナトリア各地で調査し,多くの収蔵品をイギリスにもたらした。 62年に大英博物館の初代ギリシア・ローマ室長となり,80~88年ロンドン大学考古学教授をつとめた。

ニュートン
Newton, John

[生]1725.7.24. ロンドン
[没]1807.12.21. ロンドン
イギリスの低教会系の聖公会司祭。賛美歌作家。 18世紀イギリスの信仰覚醒運動の一指導者でもある。正規の教育を受けることなく水兵や奴隷売買をしていたが,1747年回心を経験。独学ののち 64年にオルニーの助任司祭に任じられ,親友の詩人 W.クーパーとともに『オルニー賛美歌集』 Olney Hymns (1779) を共作。著書に『魂の声』 Cardiphonia (81) がある。

ニュートン
Newton

アメリカ合衆国,マサチューセッツ州東部,ボストンの西に接する都市。 17世紀中頃,チャールズ川沿いに入植が始り,19世紀中頃,ボストンからウースター (現ペンセントラル) まで鉄道が敷かれて郊外の住宅地となった。丘陵地で 14の集落をもつ田園都市である。市内の限られた地区に,繊維,ゴム,プラスチックなどの工場がみられる。また,アンドーバー・ニュートン神学校 (1808創立) をはじめ,多種のカレッジがある。人口8万 2585 (1990) 。

ニュートン
Newton

アメリカ合衆国,カンザス州中部の都市。 1871年に発足し,71~73年の間テキサスからカウボーイたちによって送られたウシを貨車積みする駅となった。 70年代にロシア人移民が持込んだコムギの品種が,カンザス州の主要作物となった。現在はコムギ地帯の中心都市で,鉄道修理工場,食品加工,製粉などの工場がある。人口1万 6700 (1990) 。

ニュートン
Newton, John

[生]1823.8.24. バージニア,ノーフォーク
[没]1895.5.1. ニューヨーク
アメリカの軍人,工兵将校。陸軍士官学校を卒業後,1842~61年アメリカ沿岸の防備工事や砦の建設に従事。南北戦争中は北軍将校としてフレデリックスバーグ,チャンセラーズビル,ゲティスバーグなどの戦いで活躍。 86年に退役しパナマ鉄道社長となった。

ニュートン
newton

力の SI 組立単位。記号は N 。 1N は質量 1kg の物体に働いて加速度 1m/s2 を与える力で,1N=1kg・m/s2 である。単位名は I.ニュートンの名にちなむ。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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