A chemical bond in which two atoms are connected to each other by two valence bond lines. A typical double bond is formed by two covalent bonds, one of which is a σ bond and the other a π bond. When two atoms with a double bond are bonded to each other, these atoms are all in the same plane, and the electron clouds of the π bond are distributed above and below this plane. Therefore, double bonds are not free to rotate around the bond axis, and the phenomenon of geometric isomerism occurs. The bond spacing of a double bond is shorter than that of a single bond. For example, the distance between a CC bond is 0.154 nm, while the distance between a C=C bond is 0.134 nm. The bond energy of a double bond is also greater, but is less than twice that of a single bond. For example, the bond energy of a CC bond is 355.6 kJ mol -1 , while the bond energy of a C=C bond is 619 kJ mol -1 . When double bonds are alternately connected with single bonds to form conjugated double bonds, resonance can cause properties that are different from those of a simple double bond. The length of single bonds approaches that of double bonds, and double bonds approach that of single bonds. A particularly striking example is benzene. In the benzene ring, there is no distinction between single and double bonds, and all C-C bonds are 0.140 nm long, which is roughly halfway between the lengths of single and double bonds. Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition |
2原子が互いに2本の原子価結合線で結ばれている化学結合.通常の二重結合は2個の共有結合によっており,その一方はσ結合,他方はπ結合である.二重結合をしている2原子が,それぞれほかの原子と結合しているとき,これらの原子はすべて同一面内にあり,π結合の電子雲はこの面の上下に分布する.そのため,二重結合では結合軸のまわりの回転は自由ではなく,幾何異性の現象がみられる.二重結合の結合間隔は単結合の間隔より短い.たとえば,C-C結合は0.154 nm であるが,C=C結合では0.134 nm である.結合エネルギーも二重結合のほうが大きいが,単結合の2倍よりは小さい.たとえば,C-C結合は355.6 kJ mol-1 であるが,C=C結合では619 kJ mol-1 である.二重結合が単結合と交互につながって共役二重結合をつくると,共鳴により単なる二重結合とは違った性質がみられるようになる.単結合の長さは二重結合に近づき,二重結合は単結合に近づく.とくにいちじるしい例としてはベンゼンがあげられる.ベンゼン環では単結合と二重結合の区別はまったくなく,全部のC-C結合が0.140 nm で,ほぼ単結合と二重結合の中間の長さになっている. 出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報 |
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