It refers to nuts enclosed in a shell, but in a broader sense it also includes date nuts, whose dried flesh is used, as well as grass nuts such as beans and corn. The edible parts of nuts are made up of the embryo, which is the next generation of the plant, or the endosperm that nourishes it. Of all the organs of a plant, nuts are rich in fat, protein, and carbohydrates, and are the organ that accumulates the most nutrients. In addition, they are easy to handle and can be preserved in dry conditions, so their use began with human life and they have been an important food since prehistoric times. According to the results of archaeological investigations, chestnuts, Japanese walnuts, Japanese walnuts, Japanese castanea, and horse chestnuts were already being used in Japan during the Jomon period, and methods for removing the astringency of those with astringency were also devised. With the exception of the semi-domestication of walnuts and the domestication of chestnuts, which began before the Nara period, most nuts were collected from the wild and used, and in some regions, methods of using horse chestnuts and chestnuts, along with religious ceremonies, have been passed down to the present day. In Europe, chestnuts were already cultivated during the Roman period, and date nuts (fruit of the date palm) and hazelnuts (fruit of the hazel) have long been used in the Middle East. In the New World, Central American pumpkin seeds (mainly the Mixta and Moschata varieties) have been used since around 5,000 years ago. Today, there are about 15 kinds of nuts commonly used in the market in Japan, and a total of more than 20 kinds, including small-scale production such as local specialties. Among these, excluding the kinds used locally, most of the consumption of the generalized kinds, except for some such as walnuts, peanuts, and ginkgo nuts, is dependent on imports from overseas. In recent years, with the increase in general income, changes in eating habits, and diversification of tastes, as well as the convenience of processing, packaging, and distribution of nuts, nuts have become snack foods that can be used by anyone regardless of time and place, and the number of varieties has increased and they have become more widespread. Most processed nuts are consumed as they are as snacks at the table, while the rest are used in cookies, Western confectionery, bread, chocolate, caramel, etc., taking advantage of the characteristics of the nuts. Most nuts for table use are heated, salted, or seasoned with spices, and then packaged and shipped. There are three heat processing methods: dry roasting, in which nuts are roasted while still dry; oil roasting, in which nuts are roasted after being coated with cooking oil; and microwave processing. The method used depends on the type of nut and its intended use. In Italy, where walnuts and hazels are plentiful, and in Hawaii, where macadamia nuts are grown, each household has their own unique shell cracker and eats them by cracking them open. They are also ground up and used in salads, and sliced or crushed pieces are used as batter for deep-fried foods, as flavorings for dishes, and as decorations. [Muneo Iizuka] [Reference items] | | | |Chinook| | | |©Shogakukan "> almond ©Shogakukan "> Japanese walnut ©Shogakukan "> Cashews The one on the right still has the seed coat attached. ©Shogakukan "> Pumpkin seeds ©Shogakukan "> Ginkgo ©Shogakukan "> Watermelon seeds ©Shogakukan "> Walnut Also known as dates ©Shogakukan "> Date palm (dried dates) ©Shogakukan "> Japanese chestnut (Shibaguri) ©Shogakukan "> pistachio ©Shogakukan "> Brazil nuts ©Shogakukan "> Hazelnuts ©Shogakukan "> Pecan ©Shogakukan "> Macadamia nuts ©Shogakukan "> Pine nuts ©Shogakukan "> Peanut ©Shogakukan "> Characteristics of major nuts Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
殻に包まれた木の実をいうが、広義では乾燥果肉を利用するデートナッツや、豆やトウモロコシなどの草の実も含めていう。 ナッツ類の食用部分は、植物が次代となる胚(はい)あるいはそれを養う胚乳から構成されており、植物の諸器官のなかでは脂肪やタンパク質、炭水化物に富み、栄養分がもっとも多く蓄積されている。そのうえ取り扱いが簡便で、乾燥下では保存がきくため、人類の生活とともに利用が始まり、有史以前から重要な食物であった。遺跡の調査結果によると、日本では縄文時代にはすでにクリ、オニグルミ、ヒメグルミ、シイ、トチノキの実などが利用され、渋のあるものは渋抜きの方法も考案されていた。クルミ類の半栽培化や奈良時代以前に始まっていたクリの栽培化を除いては、野生からの収集利用が多く、トチノキの実やかちぐりなど、地方によっては神事とともに今日まで利用の諸方法が受け継がれているものもある。ヨーロッパではクリはローマ時代にはすでに栽培され、デートナッツ(ナツメヤシの実)やヘイゼルナッツ(ハシバミの実)は中近東での利用が古い。新大陸では中央アメリカのカボチャの種子(主としてミクスタ種、モスカータ種)はすでに5000年前ごろから利用されてきた。 今日、市場を通じ日本で一般的に利用されているナッツは約15種、それに地方的特産品など小規模生産品を入れて合計20余種がみられる。これらのうち地方的に利用される種類を除き、一般化された種類のなかでは、クルミ、ピーナッツ、ギンナンなどの一部を除いては消費の大部分を海外からの輸入に頼っている。近年における一般所得の向上、食生活の変化、好みの多様化につれ、一方ではナッツの加工、包装、流通の便も加わって、ナッツ類は時や所に関係なくだれでも利用できるスナック食品として、その種類を増し、普及を早めてきた。加工ナッツの消費は大部分がそのままつまみとしてテーブル用に利用され、他はクッキー、洋菓子、パン、チョコレート、キャラメルなどにナッツの特徴を生かして利用されている。テーブル用のナッツ類の多くは、加熱ののちに塩加減をし、あるいはさらに香辛料で味つけして、包装出荷されている。加熱加工法には、ナッツを乾燥のまま炒(い)るドライロースト、食用油をまぶして炒るオイルローストおよびマイクロウェーブ処理の3方法があり、どの方法をとるかナッツの種類により、また利用目的別に処理される。 クルミやハシバミの多いイタリア、マカダミアナッツの産地ハワイなどでは、各家庭でそれぞれに特有な殻割り器を備え、割りながら食べている。また、すりつぶして和(あ)え物とし、スライス片や粉砕片を、揚げ物の衣、料理の香りつけ、飾りなどに用いる。 [飯塚宗夫] [参照項目] | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> アーモンド ©Shogakukan"> オニグルミ ©Shogakukan"> カシューナッツ 右は種皮がついたままのもの©Shogakukan"> カボチャの種子 ©Shogakukan"> ぎんなん ©Shogakukan"> スイカの種子 ©Shogakukan"> テウチグルミ デーツともよばれる©Shogakukan"> ナツメヤシ(乾燥デート) ©Shogakukan"> ニホングリ(シバグリ) ©Shogakukan"> ピスタチオ ©Shogakukan"> ブラジルナッツ ©Shogakukan"> ヘイゼルナッツ ©Shogakukan"> ペカン ©Shogakukan"> マカダミアナッツ ©Shogakukan"> マツの実 ©Shogakukan"> ラッカセイ ©Shogakukan"> おもなナッツの諸特性 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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