A form of the gold standard. It is based on the premise that other countries have adopted the gold coin standard or gold bullion standard (where the monetary authority is free to convert the country's currency into gold coins or gold bullion at a certain ratio), and a country uses its claim on the other country's currency, i.e., gold bills, as a reserve for issuing its own currency. Gold bills are not convertible domestically, and their import and export are prohibited. For foreign transactions, the central bank is free to exchange the country's currency for gold bills at a certain ratio. The system was first adopted by silver standard country India in 1893, and was later adopted by silver standard countries such as the Philippines, Panama, and Mexico. In 1922, after World War I, the adoption of this system was proposed at the International Conference in Genoa to conserve gold, and after the UK returned to the gold standard in 1925, many countries including Germany, Belgium, and Italy adopted it. However, when the UK left the gold standard in September 1931 due to the financial panic that was occurring at the time, the gold exchange standard system also gradually began to decline. The stability of this system depends on the prudent management of the external balance of payments of the central gold standard country. In that sense, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) system after World War II can also be said to have had the characteristics of a gold exchange standard centered on the US dollar. [Hara Makoto] "International Currency: Theory and Reality in the 20th Century" by R. Nurkse, translated by Kiyoshi Kojima and Takashi Murano (1953, Toyo Keizai Shinposha) [Reference items] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
金本位制度の一形態。他の国が金貨本位または金地金本位(自国通貨と金貨または金地金とを一定の比率で通貨当局が自由に兌換(だかん)に応ずる)を採用していることを前提とし、その国の通貨に対する請求権すなわち金為替を自国の通貨発行準備とし、国内での金地金の兌換は行わず、またその輸出入も禁止し、対外取引のためには、中央銀行は一定の比率で自国通貨と金為替との交換に応ずる制度である。 1893年、銀本位国のインドがこの制度を採用したのを嚆矢(こうし)とし、その後フィリピン、パナマ、メキシコなどの銀本位国で採用されていた。第一次世界大戦後の1922年、ジェノバの国際会議で、金の節約のためにこの制度の採用が提言され、1925年イギリスの金本位復帰以後、ドイツ、ベルギー、イタリアなど多くの国が採用。しかし、1931年9月、おりからの金融恐慌によってイギリスが金本位制を離脱すると、金為替本位制度もしだいに衰退に向かった。 この制度の安定は、中心となる金本位国の対外収支の節度ある運営に依存する。その意味で、第二次世界大戦後の国際通貨基金(IMF)体制も米ドルを中心とした金為替本位制的性格をもっていたといえよう。 [原 信] 『R・ヌルクセ著、小島清・村野孝訳『国際通貨――20世紀の理論と現実』(1953・東洋経済新報社)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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