A general term for instruments intended to diagnose and treat hollow organs or the inside of body cavities under direct vision. In a broad sense, it includes otoscopes, vaginoscopes, and anoscopes, but in a narrow sense, it refers to any instrument that has an optical system built in. This can be divided into rigid and flexible scopes. Rigid scopes are metal pipes with a lens/prism optical system built in, and include cystoscopes, rectoscopes, laparoscopes, and arthroscopes. Flexible scopes include gastroscopes and fiberscopes. Endoscopes are applicable to a wide range of examinations, but here we will focus on the digestive system. The history of endoscopes is long, with laryngoscopes and esophagoscopes created in the early 19th century, followed by gastroscopes, but all of these involved inserting a metal pipe into the target area for observation, and they had many limitations and never saw the light of day. In the 20th century, flexible gastroscopes were developed, but because images were formed through a number of lens systems, there were many limitations to the equipment's performance, such as flexibility and light output, and the images taken were dark and had poor diagnostic capabilities. In 1950 (Showa 25), gastrocameras were created in Japan and became widely used in clinical practice, but they did not allow the user to actually see the images with their own eyes. However, the diagnostic value of the images taken by these cameras is excellent, and they are still difficult to discard today. Next came the fiberscope, which takes advantage of the translucency and flexibility of glass fibers. This was a revolutionary endoscope that has since come to occupy a groundbreaking position in endoscopic diagnostics. Currently, its range of application has expanded to include the entire digestive tract from the esophagus to the rectum, the biliary tract, and the pancreatic duct. Other endoscopes include bronchoscopes, laparoscopes, cystoscopes, mediastinoscopy, and arthroscopes, which are evaluated in their respective fields. Almost all of these endoscopes are capable of biopsy, and direct tissue sampling can be performed in addition to macroscopic diagnosis. Gastrointestinal endoscopy has made remarkable progress in Japan, and is now the core of the early diagnosis system for gastrointestinal cancer. Originally, endoscopes were used for visual observation, but in recent years they have been used for functional testing to clarify the pathology of diseases and have been used in treatment. Treatments using endoscopes include removal of foreign bodies, sclerotherapy for esophageal varices, early hemostasis for upper gastrointestinal bleeding, resection of gastrointestinal polyps, incision using high frequency for postoperative strictures, and recently, hemostasis and cancer treatment using laser light. In addition, for inoperable cases such as biliary tract cancer and pancreatic cancer, endoscopic internal fistula formation for obstructive jaundice is also performed, in which high frequency incision is made in the duodenal sphincter, drainage is performed to the common bile duct and pancreatic duct to drain bile. Similar techniques are also often used to expel bile duct stones non-surgically. Since the introduction of fiber optic light guides into endoscopes, they have become more flexible and examinations can be performed easily without causing pain to patients as with previous devices. As a result, there is growing emphasis on the idea that endoscopic examination should be the first choice for mass screening for stomach cancer, including the early diagnosis of esophageal cancer. [Oshiba Saburo] [Reference items] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
管腔(かんくう)臓器または体腔内を直視下で診断および治療することを目的とした機器の総称。広義には耳鏡、腟(ちつ)鏡、肛門(こうもん)鏡なども含まれるが、狭義には光学系を内蔵するものをさす。これには硬性鏡と軟性鏡がある。硬性鏡は金属製パイプにレンズ・プリズムの光学系を内蔵したもので、膀胱(ぼうこう)鏡、直腸鏡、腹腔鏡、関節鏡などがある。軟性鏡には胃カメラとファイバースコープが含められる。内視鏡の検査適応領域は広いが、ここでは消化器領域を中心に述べる。 内視鏡の歴史は古く、19世紀初めに喉頭(こうとう)鏡、食道鏡、その後に胃鏡が作製されているが、これらはすべて金属製パイプを目的部位に挿入して観察するもので、制約が多くて日の目をみずに終わった。20世紀に入り軟性胃鏡が開発されたが、数多くのレンズ系を通して結像するので、柔軟性や光量など機器の性能に制約が多く、撮影した写真も暗くて診断能が低劣であった。1950年(昭和25)日本で胃カメラが作製され、臨床上広く普及したが、実際に目で見て撮影することができないものであった。しかし、その撮影した写真による診断価値は優れ、今日でも捨てがたいものがある。ついで登場したのが、ガラス繊維の透光性と柔軟性を利用したファイバースコープである。これは革命的な内視鏡で、その後内視鏡診断学上に画期的位置を占めるに至った。現在では食道から直腸まですべての消化管、胆道、膵管(すいかん)まで適応範囲が広がっている。そのほか、気管支鏡、腹腔鏡、膀胱鏡、縦隔鏡、関節鏡などがあり、それぞれの領域で評価されている。これら内視鏡はほとんどすべて生検が可能で、肉眼診断と同時に直視下採取組織診断が加えられる。 消化管の内視鏡学は日本で著しく進歩し、今日の消化管の癌(がん)における早期診断体制の中軸をなしている。本来、内視鏡は目で見ることを目的とするが、最近では機能検査に応用されて疾患の病態解明、さらに治療面への進出も著しい。内視鏡を用いての治療は、異物の摘出をはじめ、食道静脈瘤(りゅう)の硬化療法、上部消化管出血に対する早期止血、消化管ポリープの切断法、術後狭窄(きょうさく)の高周波利用による切開法、最近ではレーザー光線を用いて止血や癌の治療などが精力的に行われている。また胆道癌や膵癌などの手術不能例に対して、十二指腸乳頭括約筋を高周波切開し、総胆管や膵管へのドレナージを行い胆汁を排出させる閉塞(へいそく)性黄疸(おうだん)の内視鏡的内瘻(ないろう)形成術も行われている。同様の手技で胆管結石の非手術的排出もよく行われる。内視鏡にファイバー導光が導入されて以降、柔軟性がよくなって、従来の機器のような苦痛を患者に強いることがなく、検査が容易に行われるようになり、胃癌の集団検診に際し、食道癌の早期診断を含めて内視鏡検査を第一次選択として用いるべきであるとする考え方も強調されている。 [大柴三郎] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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