It indicates the degree of ease of movement when a particle such as an electron is subjected to an external force such as an electric field when there are random collisions. It is also written as mobility. When a charged particle moves through a gas, liquid, or solid, if the electric field is zero, it repeats a chaotic movement like the Brownian motion of gas molecules, and on average there is no directional displacement. When an electric field is applied to this, it moves in the direction of the electric field at a certain average speed while colliding with molecules and lattices in the medium (in the case of a positive charge). If the component of this speed in the electric field direction is v and the magnitude of the electric field is E , then when E is not very large, it can be written as v = μ E. μ is a constant and is called mobility. In other words, mobility can be defined as the average drift speed of a charged particle per unit electric field. Now, if the mean free time between collisions is τ, the mass of the particle is m , and the charge is q , then a steady flow is reached when the momentum qE received from the electric field per unit time and the momentum mv /τ lost due to collisions are balanced, and this can be expressed as v = qE τ/ m ≡μ E , μ = e τ/ m . If the charge is the same, μ is larger for electrons than for ions due to their mass dependence. Also, because the mean free time is longer, μ is larger in a gas than in a solid. If the number of electrons in a unit volume is n and the charge is e , the electrical conductivity σ is given by σ = n μ e . Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
ランダムな衝突があるとき,電子などの粒子に電界などによる外力が与えられたときの移動しやすさの割合を示す。易動度とも書く。気体,液体または固体中を電荷をもった粒子が運動するとき,もし電界が0ならばガス分子のブラウン運動のような無秩序な運動を繰り返し,平均として方向性をもった変位はない。これに電界が加わると媒質中の分子や格子と衝突しながらある平均の速度で電界の方向に移動する (正電荷の場合) 。この速度の電界方向の成分を v ,電界の大きさを E とすると,E があまり大きくないとき v=μE と書ける。μは定数でこれを移動度と呼ぶ。言い換えると,移動度は単位電界あたりの荷電粒子の平均ドリフト速度と定義できる。いま,衝突から衝突までの平均自由時間を τ ,粒子の質量を m ,電荷を q とすると,単位時間に電界から受け取る運動量 qE と衝突によって失われる運動量 mv/τ とがつり合ったところで定常的な流れとなり,v=qEτ/m≡μE,μ=eτ/m と表せる。電荷が同じなら質量の依存性からイオンより電子のほうが μ は大きい。また,平均自由時間が長いため,固体中より気体中のほうが μ が大きくなる。単位体積中の電子の数を n ,電荷を e とすると,電気伝導度 σ は σ=nμe で与えられる。
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