Togai Ito

A Confucian scholar of the mid-Edo period. Born as the eldest son of Ito Jinsai on April 28, 1661, in Horikawa, Kyoto. His given name was Choin and his pen name was Genzo. He was also known as Zozosai and Togai. All four of Jinsai's sons inherited the family tradition, but the eldest son Togai and the fourth son Rangu (Saizō) excelled and were known as the "leaders of Ito (Horikawa)". Togai was a gentle, sincere and harmonious man who received the family tradition from his father Jinsai from an early age. He also accompanied his father to the social gatherings of nobles, intellectuals and wealthy merchants in Kyoto, where he became familiar with the spiritual foundations of Jinsai's learning. Upon his father Jinsai's death in 1705, Togai took over the Kogido School at the age of 36, resigning from an invitation from the Lord of Kii to raise his younger brothers. Like his father, he faithfully followed Jinsai's teachings as a town scholar throughout his life and worked hard to develop the Horikawa School. After his death, he was posthumously given the title Shojutsu Sensei. While his father Jinsai was an original thinker, Togai was a well-read and thorough scholar. Yuasa Jozan commented in his "Bunkai Zakki" that "Togai's knowledge was twice that of Jinsai."

His achievements can be divided into two parts.

(1) He revised and revised his father's manuscripts in consultation with his father's disciples, and published "The Meanings of the Analects of Confucius," "The Ancient Meanings of the Analects of Confucius," "The Ancient Meanings of Mencius," "The Great Learning Standard Edition," "The Doctrine of Mean Manifestation," and "Collection of Writings and Poems by Professors of Ancient Learning." He also wrote "Commentary on the Means of the Analects of Confucius," "Commentary on the Doctrine of Means of the Analects of Confucius," "Commentary on the Doctrine of Means of the Analects of Confucius," "Commentary on the Doctrine of Means of the Analects of Confucius," "Commentary on the Doctrine of Means of the Analects of Confucius," and published "Ben'gi Lu," "Kogaku Shi Yao," "Gakumon Kanken," "Kun'you Zi Gi," and other works that expanded and explained the ancient learning.

(2) In the fields of research that Togai excelled at, he wrote the intellectual history book "Kokin Xuebian" in which he established the intellectual history of his family school, the institutional history book "Shisei Tong," the linguistic research book "Saogou Zi Jie," and the Confucianism research book "Shuueki Keiyoku Tsukai." He devoted his life to writing, producing over 240 volumes in 53 books, and leaving behind 30 volumes of "Shushu Sensei Collected Writings and Poetry Collection" and 40 volumes of posthumous manuscripts.

Nawarodo wrote in "The Origin of Learning" that Jinsai and Togai's learning was called the Jinsai School and Togai School, and that "from the middle of the Genroku era through the Hoei era to the end of the Shotoku era, their learning flourished, and if we were to measure it by the world, it would be said to be seven-tenths of the world." Many talented people came out of his disciples, including Aoki Konyo. He died on July 17, 1st year of the Genbun era.

[Kazura Ishida April 18, 2016]

"The Learning and Education of Ito Jinsai" by Kato Nihei (1940, Meguro Shoten / Reprint edition, 1979, Daiichi Shobo)" ▽ "Japanese Thought Series 33: Ito Jinsai and Ito Togai" (1971, Iwanami Shoten)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

江戸中期の儒学者。伊藤仁斎(じんさい)の長男として寛文(かんぶん)10年4月28日、京都堀河(ほりかわ)に生まれる。名は長胤(ちょういん)、字(あざな)は源蔵(げんぞう)。慥々斎(ぞうぞうさい)、東涯と号した。仁斎の4人の男子はみな家学を継いだが、長男の東涯と四男の蘭嵎(らんぐう)（才蔵）が優れ、「伊藤（堀河）の首尾蔵(しゅびぞう)」といわれた。東涯は温厚、篤実(とくじつ)、円満で、幼時より父仁斎から家学を受け、また父に伴われて京都の公卿(くげ)・文化人・富商たちの社交会(サロン)に出入りして、仁斎学の精神的基盤に親炙(しんしゃ)した。東涯は父仁斎の死（1705）によって36歳で古義堂塾を継ぎ、紀伊侯の招きを辞して幼弟の養育にあたり、父同様、生涯、町(まち)学者として仁斎学を忠実に守り、堀河塾の発展に努めた。死後、紹述(しょうじゅつ)先生と諡(おくりな)された。東涯は、父仁斎が独創的な思想家であったのに対して、博覧綿密な学究であった。湯浅常山(ゆあさじょうざん)は、『文会雑記』に「東涯の学問は仁斎に倍せり」と評している。

　彼の業績は二つに分かれる。

(1)父の稿本を父の門人たちと協議して整理補正して『語孟字義(ごもうじぎ)』『論語古義』『孟子古義』『大学定本』『中庸発揮(ちゅうようはっき)』や『古学先生文集・詩集』を刊行した。また『論語古義標註(ひょうちゅう)』『語孟字義標註』『童子問標釈』『大学定本釈義』『中庸発揮標釈』などを著すとともに、古義学を布衍(ふえん)解説した『弁疑録』『古学指要』『学問関鍵(かんけん)』『訓幼字義』などを出板した。

(2)東涯の得意とする研究領域の書で、思想史として『古今学変』を著して家学の思想史的位置づけをし、制度史として『制度通』、語学研究書として『操觚字訣(そうこじけつ)』、儒学研究書として『周易経翼通解(しゅうえきけいよくつうかい)』などを著し、生涯著述に精進して、53部240余巻の書をつくり、『紹述先生文集・詩集』30巻、遺稿40巻を残した。

　那波魯堂(なわろどう)は『学問源流』に、仁斎・東涯の学を仁斎派・東涯派といい、「元禄(げんろく)の中比(なかごろ)より宝永(ほうえい)を経て、正徳(しょうとく)の末に至るまで、其(その)学盛(さかん)に行はれ、世界を以(もっ)て是(これ)を計らば、十分の七と云(い)ふ程に行はる」と述べている。門下からは青木昆陽(あおきこんよう)ら多数の人材が輩出した。元文(げんぶん)元年7月17日に没した。

［石田一良　2016年4月18日］

『加藤仁平著『伊藤仁斎の学問と教育』（1940・目黒書店／復刻版・1979・第一書房）』▽『『日本思想大系33　伊藤仁斎・伊藤東涯』（1971・岩波書店）』

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例