City Law - Toshiho (English spelling) Stadtrecht; Weichbildrecht

Japanese: 都市法 - としほう（英語表記）Stadtrecht; Weichbildrecht

The laws specific to medieval European cities formed after the 11th century. Some city laws were acquired as a result of the citizens' struggle to protect the freedoms of their cities, while others were granted as privileges to citizens of newly built cities as a result of the policy considerations of feudal lords. The contents of city laws include city statutes (charters, liberties, and city legislation granted by feudal lords) and city law books (documents collected by city authorities, such as debt books, credit books, tax books, judgments, and court records). They established a common principle that "the atmosphere in the city should be free," and created a principle to oppose feudal society.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

11世紀以降に形成された，ヨーロッパ中世都市の固有法。都市法には市民が都市の自由を守り抜くための闘争から獲得したものもあれば，領邦諸侯の政策的配慮から，新建設都市の市民に特権として付与せられたものもある。都市法の内容としては，都市制定法 (諸侯の付与した特許状，自由付与状，都市立法) ，都市法書 (債務帳簿，債権帳簿，租税帳簿，判決書，裁判記録など，都市官庁が集録した諸文書) がある。「都市の空気は自由にする」という共通原則を確立し，封建社会に抗する原理を生み出した。

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