City Charter

Japanese: 都市憲章 - としけんしょう(英語表記)city charter
City Charter
American cities are granted autonomy through city charters granted by state legislatures. The content and format of these charters vary, but they generally stipulate the city's area, authority, administrative organization, taxation, finances, elections, and the method of appointing officials. City charters have been in widespread use as a legal form of guaranteeing autonomy since the 19th century. The 20 to 30 years following the Civil War are known as the "Dark Ages of Municipal Government." Urban populations expanded as a result of rapid economic development, but not only were the administrative organizations of each city unable to adapt to the changes in the environment, but professional politicians also privatized city government and caused widespread corruption.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:
アメリカの都市は州議会から付与される都市憲章によって自治権を認められている。その内容,形式は多様だがおおむね都市の区域,権限,行政組織,税財政,選挙,職員の任命方法などを定めている。都市憲章が自治権保障の法形式として普及をみるのは19世紀以降である。南北戦争後の20~30年間は〈市政の暗黒時代〉とよばれる。都市人口は急速な経済発展の結果膨張したが,各市とも行政組織は環境の変動に応じられなかったばかりか,職業政治家による市政の私物化と腐敗が続出した。

出典 株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について 情報

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