Totomi Province - Totomi Province

The old name of a province located in the western part of present-day Shizuoka Prefecture. Enshu. It borders Suruga Province to the east, Mikawa Province to the west, and Shinano Province to the north, with the Oi River as the border. In ancient times, there were provinces ruled by Totsuoumi Kuni no Miyatsuko, Suka Kuni no Miyatsuko, and Kudo Kuni no Miyatsuko, but they were unified under the Taika Reforms (645) to become Totsuoumi Province, which later came to be written as Totomi. The name of the province comes from the fact that Lake Biwa was called Chikatsuoumi, while Lake Hamana was called Totsuoumi. The Wamyōshō lists 13 districts, from the east: Haibara (later Haibara), Kikou, Saya, Yamana, Shuchi, Yamaka, Iwata, Naganoshimo, Naganokami, Aratama, Inasa, Fuchi, and Hamana, with a total of 96 townships. The estimated population at that time was 81,000. The provincial capital is thought to be near the current Fuhachimangu Shrine in Nakaizumi, Iwata City. From the late Heian to the Kamakura period, mikuriya (shrines) and manors (shoen) were created, and especially around Lake Hamana there were the Ise Shrine territories such as Hamana Kanbe, Ona mikuriya, and Miyakoda mikuriya, as well as many large manors such as Ikeda manor of Matsuo shrine, Sanko manor of Chokodo, and Shitoro manor of Enshoji temple. Yasuda Yoshisada was initially appointed as the shugo (military governor) during the Kamakura period, but later the Hojo clan, including Hojo Tokifusa, Hojo Tomonao, Daibutsu Nobutoki, and Hojo Sadanao, inherited the title. During the Nanboku-cho period, the Southern Court's influence was strong in this region, and Emperor Godaigo's son Prince Munenaga was once stationed in Mitake Castle. During the Nanboku-cho period, the shugo was the Imagawa clan, but later, around the Oei period, the position was passed on hereditarily to the Shiba clan. However, the Shiba clan also served as shugo of Owari and Echizen in addition to Totomi, and the Kai clan, who served as shugodai, also served as shugodai of Echizen, so there were few areas under the direct control of the Shiba clan, and the area became the domain of local lords such as the Yokoji, Katsumata, Kano, Hara, and Amano clans. After the Onin War (1467-77), the Imagawa clan began to advance into Totomi, and under Ujichika, land surveys were carried out in Sagara Manor and Kasahara Manor. However, the Imagawa clan's reign did not last long, and after Imagawa Yoshimoto was killed in the Battle of Okehazama in 1560 (Eiroku 3), things went downhill, and the region was eventually captured by Tokugawa Ieyasu of Mikawa. In the Edo period, the districts of Choshimo, which was under the Ritsuryo system, disappeared, and the districts of Shirokai came to be called Joto District. After Ieyasu was transferred to the Kanto region, the area was divided and held by Toyotomi daimyo such as Horio Yoshiharu (120,000 koku in Hamamatsu), Yamauchi Kazutoyo (50,000 koku in Kakegawa), Watase Shigeaki (30,000 koku in Yokosuka, later Arima Toyouji), and Matsushita Yukitsuna (16,000 koku in Kuno), but after the Battle of Sekigahara, Tokugawa fudai daimyo entered the area, and there was a rapid turnover of small fudai domains thereafter, as well as tenryo and hatamoto daimyo territories. According to the Tenpo Gocho, the kokudaka was about 400,000 koku, and there were 1,094 towns and villages. Specialties of the Edo period include mandarin oranges from Mikkabi, kuzu cloth from Kakegawa, pottery from Shitoro, and nori seaweed from Maisaka, which continue to this day, as well as the cultivation of commercial crops such as tea and cotton. In 1868 (Keio 4), Tokugawa Iesato was granted 700,000 koku of land, and all the feudal domains in Totomi were transferred to the Kanto region. The new Horie domain (Osawa clan, 10,000 koku) was also established, and in 1871, with the abolition of feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures, Sunpu domain (renamed Shizuoka domain in 1869) became Shizuoka Prefecture, Horie domain became Horie Prefecture, and in the same year, the area of ​​the former Totomi province became Hamamatsu Prefecture, and was further merged into Shizuoka Prefecture in 1876.

[Tetsuo Owada]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

現在の静岡県西部に位置した旧国名。遠州(えんしゅう)。東は大井川を境に駿河(するが)国、西は三河(みかわ)国、北は信濃(しなの)国に接する。古くは遠淡海国造(とおつおうみくにのみやつこ)、素賀(すか)国造、久努(くど)国造の支配する国々があったが、大化改新（645）による国郡の制で統合され遠淡海国となり、のち遠江と書かれるようになったものである。琵琶(びわ)湖を近淡海(ちかつおうみ)と称したのに対し、浜名湖を遠淡海とよんだのが国名の由来である。『和名抄(わみょうしょう)』には、東の方から、蓁原(はいばら)（のち榛原）、城飼(きこう)、佐野(さや)、山名(やまな)、周智(しゅうち)、山香(やまか)、磐田(いわた)、長下(ながのしも)、長上(ながのかみ)、麁玉(あらたま)、引佐(いなさ)、敷智(ふち)、浜名の13郡を数え、郷数は96に及んでいる。なお、そのころの推定人口は8万1000人とされている。国府は現在の磐田市中泉(なかいずみ)の府八幡宮(ふはちまんぐう)付近と考えられている。平安後期から鎌倉期にかけて御厨(みくりや)および荘園(しょうえん)が生まれ、とくに浜名湖周辺には浜名神戸(かんべ)、尾奈(おな)御厨、都田(みやこだ)御厨などの伊勢(いせ)神領があり、松尾(まつお)社領池田荘、長講堂(ちょうこうどう)領山香荘、円勝寺領質侶(しとろ)荘など大きな荘園も多数分布していた。鎌倉期の守護は、初め安田義定(よしさだ)が任命されたが、その後は北条時房(ときふさ)、同朝直(ともなお)、大仏宣時(おさらぎのぶとき)、同貞直(さだなお)ら北条一族が相承した。南北朝期は南朝方の勢力が強い地域で、三嶽(みたけ)城に後醍醐(ごだいご)天皇の皇子宗良(むねなが)親王が入ったこともあった。南北朝期の守護は今川氏であったが、のち応永(おうえい)ごろからは斯波(しば)氏に世襲されるようになった。しかし、斯波氏は遠江以外にも尾張(おわり)、越前(えちぜん)の守護を兼ね、守護代甲斐(かい)氏も越前の守護代を兼ねていたことから、斯波氏の直接的支配の及ぶ所は少なく、横地(よこじ)、勝間田(かつまた)、狩野(かのう)、原(はら)、天野(あまの)氏ら国人(こくじん)領主の割拠するところとなった。応仁(おうにん)の乱（1467～77）後、今川氏が遠江に進出し始め、氏親(うじちか)のときには相良(さがら)荘、笠原(かさはら)荘において検地が行われている。しかし今川氏の時代も長くは続かず、1560年（永禄3）今川義元(よしもと)が桶狭間(おけはざま)の戦いで殺されてからは下り坂となり、やがて三河の徳川家康によって攻め取られてしまった。江戸時代の郡は、律令(りつりょう)制下の長下郡が消えて12郡となり、城飼郡が城東郡とよばれるようになった。家康の関東転封後、堀尾吉晴(ほりおよしはる)（浜松12万石）、山内一豊(やまうちかずとよ)（掛川(かけがわ)5万石）、渡瀬繁詮(わたせしげあき)（横須賀(よこすか)3万石のち、有馬豊氏(ありまとようじ)）、松下之綱(ゆきつな)（久能(くのう)1万6000石）といった豊臣(とよとみ)系大名が分割領有したが、関ヶ原の戦い後は徳川の譜代(ふだい)大名が入り、その後も譜代小藩の入れ替わりが激しくみられ、ほかに天領、旗本(はたもと)領などがあった。「天保郷帳(てんぽうごうちょう)」では石高(こくだか)は約40万石で、1094か町村を数えている。江戸期の特産品として、今日にそのままつながる三ヶ日(みっかび)のミカン、掛川の葛布(くずふ)、志戸呂(しとろ)の陶器、舞坂(まいさか)の海苔(のり)などのほか、茶、木綿などの商品作物栽培も盛んであった。1868年（慶応4）徳川家達(いえさと)が70万石で入封し、そのため遠江にあった諸藩はすべて関東へ転封された。また新たに堀江藩（大沢氏1万石）が成立し、71年の廃藩置県により、駿府(すんぷ)藩（69年静岡藩と改称）は静岡県、堀江藩は堀江県となり、同年、旧遠江国の地域は浜松県となり、さらに76年静岡県に合併された。

［小和田哲男］

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