Asyl - Asyl (English spelling) German

Japanese: アジール - あじーる(英語表記)Asyl ドイツ語
Asyl - Asyl (English spelling) German

A place where criminals, slaves, etc. can take refuge and receive protection from harsh violations and retaliation. It comes from the Greek word asylos (meaning unharmed, sacred and inviolable). In premodern times, when the state's right to punish had not yet been systematically and systematically established, this system was seen in most societies. Originally, this system was based on a primitive religious idea that harming (taking revenge on) those who had entered a sanctuary was blasphemous to God. In ancient Greece, temples were considered places of protection for abused slaves, criminals, and debtors, and it was considered a religious sin to take back or punish those who had fled to the temple and entered God's protection. It is said that Moses also established six refuge towns for the Jewish people, where he provided protection for those who had accidentally killed someone for a certain period of time. Asylums are also found among the Germanic peoples, but in ancient Rome, during the age of absolute monarchy in the 4th century, the Christian church was recognized as an asylum by imperial decree, and this was inherited by the Germanic nations after the fall of the Roman Empire. In the feudal society of the Middle Ages, the number of asylums increased amid the confrontation between church and secular power, and when asylums took refuge not only in churches and monasteries but also in ferry docks, watermills, manor houses, etc., private revenge was prohibited and settlement was made through court cases. The church used this privilege to expand its power, but as the power of absolute monarchs became established after the 16th century, it disappeared in France in 1539, in England in 1624, and in Germany at the end of the 18th century. This system is still observed today among primitive peoples.

[Atsushi Sato]

In Japan, apart from the existence of a primitive asylum in ancient Tsushima, the asylum system developed in Buddhist temples after the Kamakura period. The system of temple asylums seems to have developed especially from the end of the Muromachi period through the Sengoku period. However, not all temples had this privilege, and it was often granted to those with a particularly close relationship with the feudal lord, such as the family temple of the feudal lord of the province (for example, Fukusho-ji, the family temple of the Shimazu clan in Satsuma). The main targets were criminals and fugitive servants. However, as the political unity of the provinces strengthened, the asylum privilege was denied by the feudal lords. Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi also followed this policy. The Edo Shogunate adopted the same policy, so asylum in the above sense generally disappeared during the Edo period, but the system of enkiridera (temples where ties were severed) (Tokeiji, Mantokuji, etc.) is thought to be a vestige of it.

[Ryosuke Ishii]

"The Relationship between Shrines and Temples and Society in the Middle Ages" by Kiyoshi Hiraizumi (1926, Shibundo)

[Reference] | Divorce Temple

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

犯罪人や奴隷などが過酷な侵害や報復から免れるために逃げ込んで保護を受ける場所のこと。ギリシア語のasylos(害されない、神聖不可侵の意)に由来する。国家刑罰権がまだ組織的、体系的に確立していなかった前近代では、ほとんどの社会でみられた制度である。本来この制度は、聖域に入った者に害を加える(復讐(ふくしゅう)する)ことは神を冒涜(ぼうとく)するものという原始宗教観念に基づいていた。古代ギリシアでは、神殿は虐待(ぎゃくたい)を受けた奴隷や犯罪人、債務者を保護する場所とされ、神殿に逃れて神の保護に入った者を取り戻したり、これに制裁を加えることは宗教的罪と考えられた。ユダヤ民族でも、モーゼが六つの逃遁邑(のがれのまち)を設けて、過って人を殺害した者を一定期間保護したことが伝えられている。アジールはゲルマン民族にもみられるが、古代ローマでは、専制君主政時代になった4世紀に、キリスト教会が皇帝の勅令によりアジールとして認められ、これがローマ帝国滅亡後のゲルマン人諸国家に継承された。中世の封建社会になると、教権と世俗的権力の対抗のなかでアジールの数は増加し、教会や修道院ばかりでなく、渡船場、水車小屋、領主の館(やかた)などに逃げ込んだときは私的な復讐が禁じられ、裁判で和解する手段がとられるようになった。教会はこの特権を利用して権力の拡大を図ったが、16世紀以降、絶対君主の権力が確立するに伴って、フランスでは1539年、イギリスでは1624年、ドイツでは18世紀末に消滅した。未開民族の間では今日でもこの制度がみられる。

[佐藤篤士]

 日本では、古く対馬(つしま)に原始的アジールの存在したことが知られるほかは、アジールの制は鎌倉時代以後、仏教寺院において発達した。ことに室町末期ごろから戦国時代にかけて、寺院アジールの制は発達したようである。もっとも、すべての寺院がその特権を有していたわけではなく、分国の国主の菩提寺(ぼだいじ)(たとえば薩摩(さつま)の島津家の菩提寺福昌寺(ふくしょうじ))など、とくに国主と関係の深いものにこの特権が認められることが多かった。対象は主として、犯罪人と逃亡した下人(げにん)である。しかし、分国内の政治的統一が強化されるにしたがって、アジールの特権も国主などによって否定された。織田信長や豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉もこの政策を踏襲した。江戸幕府も同じ方針をとったので、江戸時代には前記の意味のアジールは一般的になくなったが、縁切寺(えんきりでら)(東慶寺、満徳寺など)の制はその名残(なごり)と考えられる。

[石井良助]

『平泉澄著『中世に於ける社寺と社会との関係』(1926・至文堂)』

[参照項目] | 縁切寺

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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