In contrast to professional or vocational education, it refers to education that teaches the general, basic, and comprehensive knowledge, skills, abilities, and attitudes necessary for a person, citizen, citizen, and producer, so that he or she can become a competent member of a free and democratic society. The prototype of general education can be found in the education of free people in ancient Greece (the seven liberal arts consisting of grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music), but this was a pretentious education for a certain part of the aristocratic class, excluding the productive class (slaves). The idea of this free education was inherited by the humanist education of the Renaissance and the Neuhumanism movement in Germany, which aimed for the comprehensive and harmonious development of human abilities. However, even here, only a certain part of the wealthy class was able to enjoy this education, and the content of the education continued to have a pretentious, aristocratic character. The progress of science and technology since the Industrial Revolution in England and the rise of the working class have shaken the social foundations of the tradition of liberal education since Greece. For example, at the end of the 19th century, practical gymnasiums began to demand equal privileges to the Gymnasiums (German secondary schools) that aimed for a humanistic education, which had monopolized the privilege of going on to university. Furthermore, with the development of democracy, it became clear that everyone had the right to an equal education, regardless of social status, economic status, race, sex, ideology, or creed. In this way, the old traditional liberal education was given a new look with modern modifications to its content and subject matter, and it came to be called general education. [Tadayuki Hayashi] JapanThis term became widely known in Japan after the university reforms following World War II. Compared to prewar universities, the new postwar universities were influenced by the American university education system and placed emphasis on general education. This was done in order to "eliminate the defects that can arise from the specialization of academic subjects, maintain a harmony of knowledge, and cultivate comprehensive and independent judgment." To this end, universities required students to acquire at least 12 credits in each of the three fields of humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. However, the current university establishment standards allow each university to be flexible in their application of course registration methods, etc., at their own discretion. [Tadayuki Hayashi] "General Education in Universities, compiled by the University Accreditation Association, three volumes (1949-51)" ▽ "The Ideas and Structure of Modern Education, by Teruhisa Horio (1971, Iwanami Shoten)" [Reference] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
専門教育または職業教育に対置され、自由な民主的社会を担う有能な成員になるように、人間として、市民、国民、生産者として必要な一般的、基礎的また総合的な知識・技能・能力・態度を習得させる教育を意味する。一般教育の原型は、古代ギリシアの自由民の教育(文法、修辞学、弁証法、算術、幾何、天文学、音楽からなる自由七科)に求められるが、しかしそれは生産者階級(奴隷)を除外した一部貴族階級のための高踏的な教育であった。この自由教育の理念は、ルネサンス期の人文主義humanismの教育やドイツの新人文主義Neuhumanismusの運動にも継承され、そこでは人間の諸能力の全面的、調和的発達が目ざされた。ところが、ここでもこの教育を享受できたのは一部の富裕階級に限られ、その内容は依然として高踏的、貴族的性格を帯びていた。 イギリスの産業革命以来の科学・技術の進歩、労働者階級の勃興(ぼっこう)は、ギリシア以来の自由教育の伝統の社会的基盤をぐらつかせた。たとえば、19世紀末には、大学進学の特権を独占していた、人文主義的教養を目ざすギムナジウム(ドイツの中等学校)に対して、実科ギムナジウムが同等の特権を要求するようになった。また、民主主義の発達により、社会的な身分、経済的状態、人種、性別、思想、信条にかかわりなく、すべての人が平等に教育を受ける権利があることが主張されるようになった。このようにして、旧来の伝統的な自由教育はその内容と対象に関して、近代的な修正を受けて装いを新たにし、それが一般教育ということばでよばれるようになったのである。 [林 忠幸] 日本このことばが日本で広く知られるようになったのは、第二次世界大戦後の大学改革以後のことである。戦前の大学に対して、戦後の新制大学はアメリカの大学教育制度の影響を受けて、一般教育を重視した。それは、「学問の専門化によって起こりうる欠陥を除き、知識の調和を保ち、総合的かつ自主的判断力を養う」ためである。そのために大学では、人文科学、社会科学、自然科学の3分野にわたり、それぞれ12単位以上ずつ修得させることになっていた。しかし、現行の大学設置基準では、各大学の自主的判断により履修方法等に弾力的な運用が認められている。 [林 忠幸] 『大学基準協会編『大学における一般教育』全三巻(1949~51)』▽『堀尾輝久著『現代教育の思想と構造』(1971・岩波書店)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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