One of the subjects of Oriental painting. It is a general term for portraits related to Taoism and Buddhism, and is also called Taoist and Buddhist portraits. In Taoism, there are nobles such as the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest and the Four Haos of Shangshan, as well as legendary immortals such as Dongfang Shuo, Lü Dongbin, Qin Gao Xian, Zhang Guolao, and Gama Tieguai. In Buddhism, there are White-robed Kannon, arhats, Bodhidharma, and other Zen Buddhist founders, as well as Hanshan, Jittoku, Hotei, and the Monk Shishi. All of these figures are depicted as being enlightened and knowledgeable in the way, and are generally depicted as having strange, eerie appearances. In China, this surrealistic depiction of the world made it the ultimate goal for painters, and it produced such masters as Shi Ke and Guan Xiu of the Five Dynasties, Liang Kai of the Song Dynasty, and Gan Hui of the Yuan Dynasty. In Japan, this type of subject matter became popular after the Kamakura period with the spread of Zen Buddhism, and many works by ink-wash artists remain. Representative works include Gan Hui's "Toad Iron Fleeing" (Chion-ji Temple, Kyoto), Sesshu's "Eka Danpizu" (Sainen-ji Temple, Aichi), and Sesson's "Lü Dongbin" (Yamato Bunkakan, Nara). [Satoru Sakakibara] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
東洋絵画の画題の一つ。道教および仏教に関する人物画の総称で、道釈人物画ともいう。道教関係では、竹林(ちくりん)の七賢(しちけん)や商山四皓(しょうざんしこう)などの高士たちや、東方朔(とうぼうさく)、呂洞賓(りょどうひん)、琴高仙(きんこうせん)、張果老(ちょうかろう)、蝦蟇鉄拐(がまてっかい)などの伝説的仙人たち、仏教関係では、白衣観音(びゃくえかんのん)や羅漢(らかん)、達磨(だるま)をはじめ禅宗の祖師たち、寒山(かんざん)・拾得(じっとく)、布袋(ほてい)、蜆子和尚(けんすおしょう)などである。いずれも道に通じ、悟りを開いた人物として、どちらかといえば風貌(ふうぼう)怪異に描かれることが多い。その超現実的な世界の表現によって中国では画家の最高の目標とされ、五代の石恪(せきかく)、貫休(かんきゅう)や、宋(そう)代の梁楷(りょうかい)、元代の顔輝(がんき)など名手が輩出した。わが国でも禅宗の伝播(でんぱ)とともに鎌倉時代以降、この種の画題が盛んに描かれるようになり、多くの水墨画家の作品が残されている。代表作に、顔輝の『蝦蟇鉄拐図』(京都・知恩寺)、雪舟(せっしゅう)の『慧可断臂図(えかだんぴず)』(愛知・斉年寺(さいねんじ))、雪村(せっそん)の『呂洞賓図』(奈良・大和(やまと)文華館)などがある。 [榊原 悟] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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