Tokyo [City] - Tokyo

Japanese: 東京[都] - とうきょう

The capital of Japan. It is located almost in the center of Honshu, and includes the southern part of the Kanto region, the Izu Islands and the Ogasawara Islands in the southern seas. It is made up of the wards facing Tokyo Bay, the city and county areas in the central and western parts, and the islands of Izu and Ogasawara. The wards are divided into 23 special wards: Chiyoda, Chuo, Minato, Shinjuku, Bunkyo, Taito, Sumida, Koto, Shinagawa, Meguro, Ota, Setagaya, Shibuya, Nakano, Suginami, Toshima, Kita, Arakawa, Itabashi, Nerima, Adachi, Katsushika, and Edogawa. The metropolitan capital is Shinjuku Ward. It has an area of 2,190.93 ^km2 and a population of 13,159,388 (2010). It is the third smallest prefecture in Japan after Osaka and Kagawa in terms of area, but it is the largest in terms of population, accounting for about 10% of the entire population of Japan, and 99.3% of the population is concentrated in the special wards and city areas. It has been decided that Tokyo will host the Summer Olympic Games in 2020, for the second time after 1964. [History] Formerly part of Musashi Province and Shimousa Province, it was ruled by the Edo clan, one of the Musashi Seven Clans, in the Middle Ages. In 1457, Ota Dokan built Edo Castle. After Tokugawa Ieyasu entered the country in 1590 and established the Edo Shogunate, it was the center of the Shogunate-han system for 300 years during the Edo period. In 1868, Edo was renamed Tokyo, Edo Castle became the Imperial Palace, and Tokyo Prefecture was opened in July of the same year. In 1871, the feudal domains were abolished and prefectures were established, and the New Tokyo Prefecture was established, with jurisdiction over the current wards. In 1888, 15 wards were established in Tokyo City, and in 1893, the Tama area was incorporated from Kanagawa Prefecture, and the current metropolitan area was established. At that time, the population was 1,275,000 in the city and approximately 580,000 in the county. The area sustained serious damage from the Great Kanto Earthquake and air raids during World War II, but the population gradually increased. In 1943, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Act changed the area of the prefecture to a metropolis, Tokyo City was abolished, and in 1947, the area was divided into 23 wards, cities, and counties. After World War II, especially between the 1940s and 1970s, the population of municipalities along the JNR (now JR) Chuo Line, and private railways such as Keio, Seibu, and Odakyu, rapidly increased in the Santama area, and municipalities in the counties were organized as cities one after another. In 1970, Kitatama and in 1971, Minamitama counties were abolished, and nine cities were created. In 1995, Akigawa City and Itsukaichi Town were merged to become the 27th city of Akiruno, leaving only three towns and one village in Nishitama County. The islands consist of four branch offices: Oshima, Miyake, Hachijo, and Ogasawara, and two towns and seven villages. [Nature] The main part of the prefecture is divided into the western mountainous region, the central hilly region, and the eastern plateau and lowlands. The western mountainous region is the Kanto Mountains, with Mt. Kumotori at its highest peak, and originates from the Tama River. The central region is made up of the Sayama and Tama Hills, both of which are around 200m above sea level. The eastern plateau is the Musashino Plateau, covered with the Kanto Loam Layer, and the Yamanote district of the ward is at its eastern end. The eastern end is made up of alluvial lowlands such as the Arakawa and Nakagawa Rivers, and reclaimed land, and is called Shitamachi. The climate in the main part is dry, with hot and rainy summers and cold, fine weather in winter. [Industry] The population composition by industry is 0.4% for the first period, 18.7% for the second period, and 77.4% for the third period (2005), and the high proportion of the latter two indicates that as the capital, it holds an advanced and leading position in Japan in terms of politics, economy, and culture. The central Tokyo area, centered on Chiyoda, Chuo, and Minato wards, is home to the National Diet Building, government offices, the Supreme Court, embassies, headquarters of major corporations, the Bank of Japan and most other major banks, securities companies, department stores, major newspapers, and broadcasting stations, forming the political and economic core of Japan. Many universities, libraries, research institutes, theaters, and sports facilities are also concentrated in the wards, making it the cultural center of Japan. However, as urbanization progresses, an increasing number of universities and research institutes are relocating to neighboring cities such as Kokubunji, Kunitachi, and Hachioji, or to other prefectures. The concentration of institutions and population in the central Tokyo area has reached its limit, and Ikebukuro, Shinjuku, and Shibuya have developed into major subcenters, centered around the terminal stations. Furthermore, Kichijoji, where the Chuo Line and Inokashira Line intersect, has developed into a subcenter. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government moved to Shinjuku in 1991. In industry, the area continues to expand as part of the Keihin Industrial Zone and Keiyo Industrial Area, and the value of manufactured goods shipped reached 11,306 billion yen (2003), ranking among the top in the country. Printing and publishing, precision machinery, electrical equipment, leather, furniture, clothing, and other industries linked to advanced technology and trends occupy a large proportion of the area, but key industries such as textiles, petroleum, and steel have a low status. Since the 1960s, the concentration of factories in the wards has reached saturation point, and many large factories with more than 300 employees have relocated to cities, counties, and neighboring prefectures, and public housing agencies have developed housing complexes on their sites. In the Tama area, suburban agriculture such as growing vegetables such as komatsuna and udo, raising chickens and pigs, is carried out, but urbanization is progressing rapidly, and the arable land rate, number of farm households, and gross agricultural production value are the lowest in the country. In the islands with a warm climate, snow peas, flowers, and ornamental plants are cultivated and shipped. In the fishing industry, the Izu Islands are rich in fish species and resources, but the lack of good harbors means that it is limited to small-scale fishing. In terms of tourism, the west is dotted with suburban recreational areas that belong to the Chichibu Tama Kai National Park and Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park, and the wards are home to many historical sites, famous gardens, temples and shrines that date back to the Edo period. The Izu Islands are part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, and the Ogasawara Islands are part of the Ogasawara National Park. [Transportation] JR lines run from Ueno, Tokyo, Shinjuku and other stations, and include the Tokaido Main Line, Shinkansen, Chuo Main Line, Tohoku Main Line, Shinkansen, Joetsu Shinkansen, Joban Line, Sobu Main Line, Yamanote Line, Saikyo Line and Keiyo Line. From the terminal stations of Ikebukuro, Shinjuku, Shibuya, Ueno and Shinagawa, which are connected by the Yamanote Line, private railways such as Seibu, Tobu, Odakyu, Tokyu, Keio, Keisei and Keikyu, as well as Tokyo Metro and Toei subway lines extend to the surrounding areas. In December 2000, the Toei Oedo Line, a 29km underground loop, was opened, followed by the Tsukuba Express in 2005, and the Nippori-Toneri Liner in 2008 as a new Toei transportation system. The Metropolitan Expressway connects the Tomei Expressway, the Chuo Expressway, the Kanetsu Expressway, the Tohoku Expressway, the Joban Expressway, the East Kanto Expressway, and the Tokyo Outer Ring Expressway. Tokyo International Airport is located at Haneda, and ships are available from Tokyo Port to the Izu Islands and Kyushu. Since the 1960s, large-scale land reclamation work has been carried out within the Tokyo Port area, and the Rainbow Bridge was completed in the 1990s as part of the Tokyo Waterfront New City Plan, which began construction in 1986. The Yurikamome Line and the Tokyo Waterfront Rapid Transit Line were opened, and the area around the No. 13 reclaimed land and Odaiba Seaside Park has become a new Tokyo attraction with the construction of an international exhibition center, a hotel, a broadcasting station, a housing complex, and a commercial complex. Redevelopment is also progressing in the city center, and new attractions are being created.
→ Related article Kanto region | Japan

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

日本の首都。本州のほぼ中央にあり，関東地方の南部と，南方海上の伊豆諸島，小笠原諸島を含む。東京湾に臨む区部と中・西部の市部・郡部，伊豆・小笠原の島嶼(とうしょ)部からなり，区部は千代田，中央，港，新宿，文京，台東，墨田，江東，品川，目黒，大田，世田谷，渋谷，中野，杉並，豊島，北，荒川，板橋，練馬，足立，葛飾(かつしか)，江戸川の23特別区に分かれる。都庁所在地は新宿区。2190.93km²。1315万9388人（2010）。面積は大阪府，香川県に次いで全国３位の狭さであるが，人口は日本全国の約１割を占めて第１位，人口は特別区と市部に99.3％が集中している。1964年に続き２度目となる，2020年のオリンピック夏季大会の開催が決定している。〔沿革〕　かつての武蔵国の一部と下総(しもうさ)国の一部にあたり，中世は武蔵七党の一族江戸氏が支配。1457年には太田道灌が江戸城を築いた。1590年入国した徳川家康が江戸幕府を開いて以後，江戸時代300年にわたり幕藩体制の中心であった。1868年江戸を東京と改称，江戸城は皇居となり，同年７月東京府が開設された。1871年廃藩置県により新東京府設置，現在の区部を管轄した。1888年東京市15区設置，1893年神奈川県から多摩地区を編入，現都域が確定。当時の人口は市内127万5000人，郡部約58万人。関東大震災，第２次大戦時の空襲で大被害を受けたが，人口は次第に増加した。1943年東京都制法により府の区域は都となり，東京市は消滅，1947年23区および市・郡部となった。第２次大戦後，とくに1940年−1970年代にかけて，三多摩地区では国鉄（現JR）中央線，京王，西武，小田急など私鉄各線沿線の市町村の人口が急増，郡部町村の市制施行が相次いだ。1970年北多摩，1971年南多摩の２郡が消滅して９市が誕生。1995年秋川市と五日市町が合体して27番目のあきる野市となったため，西多摩郡に３町１村が残るのみ。島嶼部は大島，三宅，八丈，小笠原の４支庁，２町７村がある。〔自然〕　主部は西部の山地，中部の丘陵，東部の台地と低地に分かれる。西部山地は雲取山を最高峰とする関東山地で，多摩川が発する。中部は標高200m前後の狭山丘陵，多摩丘陵などからなる。東部台地は関東ローム層におおわれた武蔵野台地で，区部の山手(やまのて)地区はこの東端にあたる。東端部は荒川，中川などの沖積低地と埋立地で，下町と呼ばれる。主要部の気候は夏は高温多雨，冬は寒冷で好天の乾燥気候。〔産業〕　産業別人口構成は第１次0.4％，第２次18.7％，第３次77.4％（2005）で，後２者の比重の高さが，首都として政治・経済・文化の面で日本の先進的指導的地位にあることを示している。千代田・中央・港各区を中心とする都心部には国会議事堂や各官庁，最高裁判所，各国大公使館，大企業の本社，日本銀行をはじめとする大部分の主要銀行，証券会社，百貨店，主要な新聞社や放送局などが集中し，日本の政治・経済の中枢を形成する。多くの大学，図書館，研究機関，劇場，スポーツ施設も区部に集中し，文化面でも日本の中心をなしているが，都市化の進展とともに，周辺の国分寺，国立，八王子などの各市や他県に移転する大学や研究機関が増加している。また都心部への機関，人口の集中が限界に達し，ターミナル駅を中心に池袋，新宿，渋谷が副都心として大きく発展，さらに中央本線と井の頭線の交差する吉祥寺が副副都心として発展している。東京都庁は1991年新宿に移転した。工業では京浜工業地帯，京葉工業地域の一部として拡大を続け，製造品出荷額で11兆3060億円（2003）を上げ，全国上位に位置する。印刷・出版，精密機械，電機器具，皮革，家具，衣服など高度の技術や流行に結びつくものが大きな比重を占めるが，繊維，石油，鉄鋼など基幹産業の地位は低い。1960年代以降，区部への工場集中が飽和状態に達したため，市・郡部や周辺各県へ移転した従業者300人以上の大工場も多く，その跡地には公的住宅機関による住宅団地などが造成された。多摩地区では，小松菜，ウドなどの野菜，養鶏，養豚など近郊農業が営まれているが，市街地化が急速に進展しており，耕地率，農家戸数，農業粗生産額とも全国最下位である。気候温暖な島嶼部ではサヤエンドウ，花卉，観葉植物などが栽培，出荷されている。また漁業では伊豆諸島周辺が魚種も資源も豊富であるが，良港に恵まれないため，小規模漁業に止まっている。観光面では，西部に秩父多摩甲斐国立公園，明治の森高尾国定公園に属する近郊行楽地が点在，区部には江戸以来の史跡，名園，寺社が多い。伊豆諸島は富士箱根伊豆国立公園，小笠原諸島は小笠原国立公園の一部に含まれる。〔交通〕　JR線は上野，東京，新宿などを起点として東海道本線・新幹線，中央本線，東北本線・新幹線，上越新幹線，常磐線，総武本線，山手線，埼京線，京葉線が通じており，山手線で結ばれたターミナルの池袋，新宿，渋谷，上野，品川の各駅からは，西武，東武，小田急，東急，京王，京成，京浜急行の各私鉄，東京メトロと都営の地下鉄各線が周辺へ延びている。2000年12月には都心の地下を約29kmの環状で結ぶ都営大江戸線が，2005年にはつくばエクスプレスが，2008年には都営の新交通システムとして日暮里・舎人ライナーが開通した。首都高速道路が東名高速道路，中央・関越・東北・常磐・東関東・東京外環の各自動車道を結ぶ。羽田に東京国際空港があり，東京港からは伊豆諸島，九州方面への船便がある。1960年代以降，東京港域内で大規模埋立工事が進められ，さらに1986年に着工された東京臨海副都心計画によって1990年代にレインボーブリッジが完成し，東京臨海新交通（ゆりかもめ），東京臨海高速鉄道が開通，13号埋立地・お台場海浜公園一帯は，国際展示場，ホテル，放送局，住宅団地，複合商業施設の建設が進み，東京の新しい名所となった。また都心では再開発が進み新しい名所ができつつある。
→関連項目関東地方｜日本

出典　株式会社平凡社百科事典マイペディアについて　情報

<<: Tang Mirror - Tokyo

>>: Fighting fish - Japanese fighting fish