Taoist - Please

Japanese: 道家 - どうか
Taoist - Please

The name of a school of thought that arose in ancient China. One of the Hundred Schools of Thought. After developing during the Warring States period (5th to 3rd century BC), it came into conflict with Confucianism and formed the two major schools of thought. It is said to have been passed down from Laozi to Guan Yinzi and Liezi, and to have been culminated by Zhuangzi, and books bearing each of these names have been handed down, but in fact it is doubtful whether there was any such school of thought passed down from a single master. It should be seen as a name given to various schools of thought that arose sporadically around the same time, later grouping them together in a group that noted the similarities in their tendencies, and it first appeared in the Records of the Grand Historian.

The first characteristic of this philosophy is the emphasis on the unique idea of ​​"Tao," from which the school's name comes. This "Tao" is the absolute reality or law that has a fundamental metaphysical character that supports phenomena, and is the root that permeates both the natural and human worlds, which was not emphasized in Confucianism. It gives birth to all things, permeates the diverse forms of all things, and makes them what they are, but its action is spontaneous (wuwei shiran), subtle and immeasurable. It is called "nothing" because it cannot be grasped by human senses, and "one" because it is the only root. However, the main focus of Taoism was to solve practical problems in reality based on the idea of ​​"Tao." It is a problem of life, how to survive successfully in a reality where discrimination, conflict, and conflict are intense and constantly changing, and how to obtain peace of mind that is not disturbed by them. Here, people take the way of the Way as a model. It is said that it is good to cast off any unnecessary human actions, become free from all self-indulgence, rely on the absolute Way, and deal with the world with a humble and gentle attitude. From the standpoint of the Way, the reality of discrimination is temporary and relative, and not something to rely on. It is said that once one understands this, one can attain a state of peace free from all attachments.

While Confucianism placed great importance on the order of the real world and idealized the construction of a harmonious society based on ritual and music, Taoism rejected this as artificial, instead focusing on the unified rationality that permeates humans and nature, and aiming to follow that natural order. Therefore, compared to Confucianism, Taoism is more idealistic and has a stronger individualistic and spiritual coloring. After the Han dynasty, Confucian thought led the political and public aspects, while Taoism supported private and inner intellectual life and became deeply involved with religion and the arts. Taoism from the Later Han dynasty revered Taoists as ancestral gods and incorporated Taoist thought into its doctrines.

[Osamu Kanaya]

"The Complete Works of Tsuda Sokichi 13: Taoist Thought and Its Development" (1964, Iwanami Shoten) "Lectures on Eastern Thought 3: Chinese Thought II: Taoist Thought and Taoism" (1967, University of Tokyo Press)

[Reference] | Taoism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国古代におこった思想的学派の名称。諸子百家の一派。戦国時代(前5~前3世紀)に成長したあと、儒家と対立して二大思潮を形成した。老子(ろうし)から関尹子(かんいんし)、列子(れっし)と伝えられ、荘子(そうし)が集大成したとされ、それぞれの名のついた書物が伝わっているが、事実はそうした学派的な師承があったかどうか、むしろ疑わしい。散発的に前後しておこった諸思想を、その傾向の類似性に注目して、あとからひとまとめにして名づけた名称とみるべきで、『史記』にみえるのが最初である。

 その思想の第一の特色は特殊な「道(どう)」の思想の強調であって、学派の名称の由来もそこにある。その「道」とは、現象を支える根源的な形而上(けいじじょう)的性格を帯びた絶対的実在、ないし理法というべきもので、儒家の思想などでは強調されなかった自然界と人間界とを貫く根源である。それは万物を生み出し、万物の多様な姿を貫いて、それをそうあらしめているが、その作用は自(おの)ずからなもの(無為自然)で、微妙で計りがたい。人間の感覚ではとらえられないところから「無」といい、唯一の根源であるところから「一」ともいわれる。ただ道家の主眼は、こうした「道」の思想を基礎にして、現実の実践的な課題を解くことにあった。それは、差別観や対立抗争が激しく、変動してやまない現実のなかで、それをいかに成功的に生き抜くか、またそれに乱されない安らかさを得るか、という処世的な人生問題である。ここで、人は「道」のあり方を模範とすることになる。ことさらな人間的なしわざを捨てて無為自然になり、絶対の「道」に拠(よ)り従って、へりくだった柔弱な態度で世に処していくのがよい、とされる。現実の差別の姿は、「道」の立場からみれば一時的、相対的なもので頼むに足りず、そこがわかればいっさいの執着から解放された安らかな境地が得られる、ともいう。

 儒家が現実世界の秩序を重んじ、礼楽的な調和的社会の建設を理想としたのに対し、道家ではそれを人為的なものとして否定し、人間と自然とを貫く統一的な理法性に注目して、その自ずからな秩序に従うことを目ざした。したがって儒家に比べてより観念的で、個人的、精神主義的な色彩も強い。漢代以後、儒家思想が政治的、公的な面をリードするのに対し、道家は私的、内面的な思想生活を支えるものとなり、宗教や芸術とも深くかかわるものとなった。後漢(ごかん)からの道教(どうきょう)は、道家の人々を祖神と仰ぎ、また道家の思想を教義に取り込んだものである。

[金谷 治]

『『津田左右吉全集13 道家の思想と其の展開』(1964・岩波書店)』『『講座東洋思想3 中国思想Ⅱ 道家と道教』(1967・東京大学出版会)』

[参照項目] | 道教

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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