Flanders art is centered in what is now Belgium. As in the Netherlands, painting has always been at the center of the art. The Duchy of Burgundy, which flourished from the end of the 14th century to the end of the 15th century, was the first stage for Flemish artists to flourish, and important sculptors such as Sluter were active at the court of Dijon. Jan van Eyck, the founder of Flemish painting and said to have invented the oil painting technique, was also active as a court painter for the Duke of Burgundy, and other early artists include Weiden, Christus, Campan, Memling, and Goos. The central cities were Bruges, Ghent, and Brussels, but in the 16th century, it moved to Antwerp. In the first half of the 16th century, a school (Romanists) strongly influenced by the Italian Renaissance rose to power, but at the same time, Bruegel inherited and developed the northern tradition through works mainly depicting peasant life, and became a representative figure of 16th-century Flemish painting. In the latter half of the same century, Bruegel's son Jan and others mainly painted landscapes and mythological scenes. In the 17th century, Flemish painting, like Dutch painting, entered its Golden Age. However, while the Netherlands embraced Protestantism and gained independence by overthrowing Spanish oppression, Flanders embraced Catholicism and was still under the control of the Spanish Habsburgs in the 17th century. These political and religious differences were sometimes reflected in painting, and large-scale altarpieces were painted to decorate cathedrals, which were not seen in the Netherlands. In terms of style, bright colors and dynamic composition were favored. Ancient mythological themes were also often used. Flemish painting shows a refined aristocracy while also being familiar to the masses. Many students, including Jordaens, came from the workshop of Rubens, the representative genius of the time. Among them, Van Dyck traveled to England in 1632 and had an influence on British portrait art. The Golden Age of Flemish painting was from 1808, when Rubens returned from Italy, to around 1840, when he died. In addition to these three great masters, Jan Bruegel the Elder, known as "Bruegel the Velvet," his son-in-law and genre painter D. Teniers, and still-life painters F. Snyders and J. Fyt were also active. From the second half of the 17th century onwards, Flemish painting was in a slump. In particular, no national school of painting was formed after Belgium gained independence in 1831, and in the 19th century only the painter J. Ensor attracted attention. Among 20th century painters, the Surrealists P. Delvaux and R. Magritte gained international fame. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
現在のベルギーを中心とするフランドル地方の美術。その中心を占めたのはオランダの場合と同じく常に絵画であった。 14世紀末~15世紀末に栄えたブルゴーニュ公国はフランドルの芸術家の最初の活躍の舞台となり,スリューテルのような重要な彫刻家がディジョンの宮廷を中心に活躍した。フランドル絵画の創始者であり,油絵の技法を発明したといわれるヤン・ファン・アイクもブルゴーニュ公の宮廷画家として活躍し,そのほか,ワイデン,クリストゥス,カンパン,メムリンク,グースらが初期の絵画を代表している。ブリュージュ,ヘント,ブリュッセルなどが中心都市であったが,16世紀に入るとアントウェルペンに移った。 16世紀前半にはイタリア・ルネサンスの影響を強く受けた一派 (ロマニスト) が台頭したが,同じ頃ブリューゲルはおもに農家の生活を主題とした作品により,北方的な伝統を継承,発展させ,16世紀のフランドル絵画を代表する存在となった。同世紀後半にはブリューゲルの息子ヤンらが風景画や神話画をおもに描いた。 17世紀には,フランドル絵画はオランダ絵画と同じく黄金時代を迎えるが,オランダがプロテスタントを奉じ,スペインの圧政を排して独立したのに対し,フランドル地方はカトリックを奉じ,17世紀に入ってもなおスペインのハプスブルク家の支配下にあった。こうした政治的,宗教的相違はときに絵画にも反映し,オランダにはみられなかった聖堂を飾る大規模な祭壇画が描かれ,様式的にははなやかな色彩と動的な画面構成が好まれた。また古代の神話的なテーマもしばしばあげられた。フランドル絵画は民衆的な親しみやすさと同時に,洗練された貴族性をも示している。当時の代表的な天才ルーベンスの工房からはヨルダーンスのほか多くの弟子が出たが,なかでもファン・ダイクは 1632年にイギリスに渡り,イギリスの肖像画芸術に影響を及ぼした。ルーベンスがイタリアから帰った 08年から彼が没する 40年頃までがフランドル絵画の黄金時代で,これら3人の巨匠のほか,「ビロードのブリューゲル」と呼ばれたヤン・ブリューゲル,彼の娘婿で風俗画家の D.テニールス,静物画家の F.スナイデルス,J.フェイトらが活躍した。 17世紀後半以降は,フランドル絵画は低調であった。特に 1831年ベルギー独立以後国民的画派は形成されず,19世紀は画家 J.アンソールが注目されるだけであった。 20世紀の画家では P.デルボーと R.マグリットらのシュルレアリストが国際的名声を博している。
出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
>>: Flemish farming - Flemish know-how
...The name of a Kagura song sung in the Mikagura...
Year of death: Shoho 1.10.3 (1074.10.25) Year of b...
Year of death: January 24, 1911 (Meiji 44) Year of...
...Chilean politician. Born in Longaby, Linares. ...
…Located in the Herat River basin, it flourished ...
…They were residential areas in the early and ear...
A medieval French poet and storyteller, born in no...
…Edward Sapir linked the bipartite naming system ...
Born: June 16, 1811, Pressburg [Died] February 9, ...
〘Noun〙① An official title established in China dur...
The Ilonggo (also called Hiligaynon; 4.2 million)...
Germany's largest coalfield spreads across th...
…As of 1993, approximately 19,000 people are empl...
This is the diary of Hirohashi Kanenobu (1366-1429...
In Mesopotamian mythology, Nergal is the god of t...