Delphi - Delphoi (English spelling)

Japanese: デルフォイ - でるふぉい(英語表記)Delphoi
Delphi - Delphoi (English spelling)

A polis (city-state) famous for its ancient Greek oracles. It was located at the southern foot of Mount Parnassus in the Phocis region of central Greece. Its English name is Delphi. The ruins were registered as a World Heritage Site in 1987 (World Cultural Heritage). In the second millennium BC, there was a sanctuary of the Earth Goddess Gaia (Ge), and oracles were also given there, but in the 9th century BC, the newcomer Apollo usurped Ge's position. Since the 8th century BC, its fame has gradually increased, and foreign rulers began to seek its oracles, and by the 6th century BC at the latest it had become the most important oracle in Greece. The Amphiktionia (Triangular League), which moved its center from Antera to Delphi, started the First Sacred War in the early 6th century BC and destroyed the Cyra of Phocis, and around 582 BC, they started the pan-Hellenic Pythian festival every four years, based on the traditional festival dedicated to Apollo. Although the oracle predicted the defeat of Greece during the Persian Wars, people's trust in the oracle was maintained for a long time. However, it later succumbed to the influence of the leading cities of the time, such as Athens, Sparta, and Thebes, and as a result of the Third Sacred War against the Phocians in 356-346 BC, Amphiktionia came under the rule of Philip II of Macedonia. It continued to decline during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, and the pagan oracle was closed in 390 AD by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I, who made Christianity the state religion.

Oracles were sought for both private matters such as marriage, illness, and business, and public matters such as rituals, war and peace, statehood, and colonization. The oracle was located deep inside the Temple of Apollo, and a requester would ask a priestess called a Pythia through a male priest. The priestess, seated on a tripod, would enter a state of divine possession and recite Apollo's oracle, which the priest would then translate into verse and convey to the requester. The legend that the priestess became possessed by inhaling the steam rising from a crack in the rock on the floor of the oracle is not generally believed today.

Modern Delphi (pronounced Dhelfí in modern Greek) is a village of about 1,200 people that was founded in 1892 when the village of Kastri, which was located on ancient ruins, was moved about 0.8 km west.

[Shoji Kiyonaga]

Ruins of Delphi
A tholos (circular building) remains in the Athena sanctuary called "Marmaria". This temple was built in the 4th century BC, and three of the Doric columns have been restored. Part of the World Heritage Site "Ancient Ruins of Delphi" (Greece, registered in 1987) Greece Delphi (Delphi) ©Shogakukan ">

Ruins of Delphi


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古代ギリシアの神託で有名なポリス(都市国家)。中部ギリシアのフォキス地方、パルナッソス山の南麓(なんろく)にあった。英語名デルファイDelphi。遺跡は1987年に世界遺産の文化遺産として登録されている(世界文化遺産)。紀元前二千年紀に大地母神ガイア(ゲー)の聖所があり、神託も行われていたが、前9世紀に新来者アポロンがゲーの地位を奪った。前8世紀以降しだいに名声を高め、異民族の権力者などもその神託を求めるようになり、遅くとも前6世紀にはギリシアのもっとも重要な神託所になった。アンテラからデルフォイに中心を移したアンフィクティオニア(隣保同盟)が、前6世紀初めに第1回神聖戦争を起こしてフォキスのキラを破壊し、前582年ごろには、アポロンに捧(ささ)げられる従来の祭りをもとに、4年ごとの全ギリシア的なピティア祭を始めた。ペルシア戦争ではギリシアの敗北を予想したが、神託に対する人々の信頼はなお長く維持された。しかし以後、アテネ、スパルタ、テーベなど、そのときどきの指導的ポリスの影響力に屈するようになり、前356~前346年のフォキス人に対する第3回神聖戦争の結果、アンフィクティオニアはマケドニア王フィリッポス2世に支配されるに至った。ヘレニズム時代、ローマ時代にも衰退は進み、キリスト教を国教化したローマ皇帝テオドシウス1世によって、紀元後390年にこの異教の神託所は閉鎖された。

 神託は、結婚、病気、商売など私的な問題と、祭儀、和戦、国制、植民など公的な問題の別なく求められた。神託所はアポロン神殿の奥にあり、依頼者は男性の神官を介して、ピティアとよばれる巫女(みこ)に質問し、鼎(かなえ)の上に座した巫女は、神がかりの状態になってアポロンの神託を語り、神官がそれを韻文の形に整えて依頼者に伝えた。神託所の床の岩に割れ目があり、底から立ち上る蒸気を吸うと巫女は神がかりになったとの伝承は、今日では一般に信用されていない。

 現在のデルフォイ(現代ギリシア語ではデルフィDhelfíと発音する)は、古代の遺跡の上にあった村カストリを約0.8キロメートル西に移して、1892年につくられた人口約1200の村である。

[清永昭次]

デルフォイの遺跡
「マルマリア」とよばれるアテナ神域に残るトロス(円形建築物)。紀元前4世紀に建造された神殿で、ドーリス式列柱のうち3本が復原されている。世界文化遺産「デルフォイの古代遺跡」の一部(ギリシア・1987年登録) ギリシア デルフォイ(デルフィ)©Shogakukan">

デルフォイの遺跡


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