James Dewar

Japanese: デュワー - でゅわー(英語表記)James Dewar
James Dewar

British physicist and chemist. He studied at the University of Edinburgh, and from 1875 he was professor of experimental science at Cambridge University, and from 1877 he was professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution. In 1888, he invented the smokeless gunpowder cordite together with British chemist Frederick Augustus Abel (1827-1902). He also conducted a wide range of research, publishing numerous papers on organic chemistry, spectroscopy, high temperature measurements, and cryogenics. He was a leading expert on cryogenics at the time, and in 1891 he discovered that liquefied oxygen and ozone were attracted to magnets. In 1898 he succeeded in liquefying hydrogen, and in the following year, 1899, he succeeded in solidifying it, recording a temperature of -260°C, just 13°C below absolute zero. From 1892 to 1899, he worked with J. A. Fleming on electromagnetic properties of metals at cryogenic temperatures, and discovered that the electrical resistance of all pure metals decreases rapidly with temperature and disappears at absolute zero. Dewar was able to achieve these accomplishments in his research into cryogenics thanks to his invention in 1892 of the Dewar flask (a thermos flask), which took advantage of the insulating properties of a vacuum and is now widely used in homes.

[Kato Kunioki]

[References] | Gunpowder | Dewar flask | Fleming | Thermos flask

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イギリスの物理学者、化学者。エジンバラ大学で学び、1875年からケンブリッジ大学の実験科学教授、1877年から王立研究所の化学教授を兼任。1888年にはイギリスの化学者アーベルFrederick Augustus Abel(1827―1902)と共同で無煙火薬コルダイトを発明したほか、研究はきわめて広範囲にわたり、有機化学、分光学、高温測定、極低温などで多数の論文を発表した。とくに極低温については当時の第一人者で、1891年に液化した酸素とオゾンが磁石に引き付けられることを発見、1898年には水素の液化に、翌1899年には凝固に成功し、零下260℃を記録、絶対零度まであと13度に迫った。また、1892年から3年間、J・A・フレミングと協力して極低温での金属の電磁気学的な性質を研究、すべての純粋な金属の電気抵抗は温度とともに急激に減少し絶対零度で消失する曲線を描くことを発見した。デュワーが極低温の研究でこれらの業績をあげることができたのは、真空の断熱作用を利用したデュワー瓶(いわゆる魔法瓶)を1892年に発明したためで、これは今日では家庭でも広く利用されている。

[加藤邦興]

[参照項目] | 火薬 | デュワー瓶 | フレミング | 魔法瓶

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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