Born October 20, 1859 in Burlington, Vermont [Died] June 1, 1952. American philosopher, educator, and psychologist based in New York pragmatism. One of the founders of the pragmatist school of philosophy, a pioneer of functional psychology, and a representative of the American progressive education movement. After graduating from Vermont State University, he studied under psychologist G. Hall and philosopher C. Peirce at Johns Hopkins University. From 1888 to 1930, he served as professor at the universities of Minnesota, Michigan, Chicago, and Columbia. During that time, he traveled to Japan, China, Turkey, Mexico, the Soviet Union, and other countries to observe the current state of social reform. He was also active politically and socially as the chairman of the Trotsky Committee of Inquiry and a member of the United States Peace Committee. The distinctive feature of his philosophy is that it rejects the absoluteness and abstract speculation of traditional philosophy, and regards philosophical thinking as a tool to realize human desires through experience, and philosophical truth as a means to realize them, rather than as an end value on par with goodness and beauty. He applied this standpoint, known as instrumentalism, to pedagogy, establishing the theory of progressive education, and also contributed to other fields such as political science, sociology, and aesthetics. His major works include Psychology (1887), Democracy and Education (1916), Experience and Nature (25), The Quest for Certainty (29), and Problems of Men (46). Dewey |
[生]1859.10.20. バーモント,バーリントン [没]1952.6.1. ニューヨーク プラグマティズムに立つアメリカの哲学者,教育学者,心理学者。哲学のプラグマティズム学派創始者の一人,機能心理学の開拓者,アメリカの進歩主義教育運動の代表者。バーモント州立大学卒業後ジョンズ・ホプキンズ大学で心理学者 G.ホール,哲学者 C.パースなどに学んだ。 1888~1930年ミネソタ,ミシガン,シカゴ,コロンビアの各大学教授を歴任。その間日本,中国,トルコ,メキシコ,ソ連などを旅行し社会改革の実情を視察した。またトロツキー査問委員会委員長,アメリカ平和委員会の一員として政治的,社会的にも活躍。その哲学の特色は,伝統的哲学の絶対性や抽象的思弁を排し,哲学的思考は経験によって人間の欲求を実現するための道具であり,哲学的真理は善や美と並ぶ目的価値ではなく,それらを実現するための手段とみなすところにある。このインストルメンタリズムと呼ばれる立場を教育学に応用して進歩主義教育の理論を確立,その他政治学,社会学,美学などの分野にも貢献した。主著『心理学』 Psychology (1887) ,『民主主義と教育』 Democracy and Education (1916) ,『経験と自然』 Experience and Nature (25) ,『確実性の探求』 The Quest for Certainty (29) ,『人間の問題』 Problems of Men (46) など。 デューイ
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