Dewey, John

Japanese: デューイ(英語表記)Dewey, John
Dewey, John
Born October 20, 1859 in Burlington, Vermont
[Died] June 1, 1952. American philosopher, educator, and psychologist based in New York pragmatism. One of the founders of the pragmatist school of philosophy, a pioneer of functional psychology, and a representative of the American progressive education movement. After graduating from Vermont State University, he studied under psychologist G. Hall and philosopher C. Peirce at Johns Hopkins University. From 1888 to 1930, he served as professor at the universities of Minnesota, Michigan, Chicago, and Columbia. During that time, he traveled to Japan, China, Turkey, Mexico, the Soviet Union, and other countries to observe the current state of social reform. He was also active politically and socially as the chairman of the Trotsky Committee of Inquiry and a member of the United States Peace Committee. The distinctive feature of his philosophy is that it rejects the absoluteness and abstract speculation of traditional philosophy, and regards philosophical thinking as a tool to realize human desires through experience, and philosophical truth as a means to realize them, rather than as an end value on par with goodness and beauty. He applied this standpoint, known as instrumentalism, to pedagogy, establishing the theory of progressive education, and also contributed to other fields such as political science, sociology, and aesthetics. His major works include Psychology (1887), Democracy and Education (1916), Experience and Nature (25), The Quest for Certainty (29), and Problems of Men (46).

Dewey
Dewey, Melvil

Born: December 10, 1851, Adams Center
[Died] December 26, 1931. Lake Placid, American librarian. After graduating from Amherst College in 1874, he became a librarian at the same university. In 1877, he moved to Boston, where he founded the magazine "Library Journal" and participated in the founding of the American Library Association. In 1883, he became a librarian at Columbia University in New York, where he founded America's first school of library science. This school later moved to Albany and became the State Library School. As director of the New York State Library from 1889 to 1906, he made many reforms, and founded a traveling library and a system of collecting pictures. The "Dewey Decimal Classification," proposed in 1876, is widely used.

Dewey
Dewey, Thomas Edmund

Born March 24, 1902 in Owosso, Michigan
[Died] March 16, 1971. Born in Bal Harbour, Florida. American politician and lawyer. After graduating from the University of Michigan and Columbia University Graduate School, he opened a law practice. He later became a United States Attorney and gained national fame for cracking down on organized crime in New York from 1935 to 1937. He was elected Governor of New York three times as a Republican in 1942, 1946, and 1950, and was highly praised for his administrative skills, such as establishing a state agency to eliminate discrimination in employment. He was nominated as the Republican presidential candidate twice, in 1944 and 1948, but lost to Democrats F. Roosevelt and H. Truman, respectively. He retired from politics in 1955 and returned to law practice. He was a legal adviser to the Japan External Trade Organization from 1959 to 1962.

Dewey
Dewey, George

Born December 26, 1837 in Montpelier, Vermont
Died: January 16, 1917, Washington, DC
American naval officer. Graduated from the Naval Academy in 1858. Became a lieutenant in 1861. During the American Civil War, he participated in the Battle of New Orleans and the attack on Hudson Bay. In 1872 he became a lieutenant commander, and in 1896 he became a rear admiral. In 1897 he became commander of the Asiatic Fleet, and while anchored in Hong Kong with his fleet, the Spanish-American War began in April 1898. He immediately pursued the Spanish fleet anchored off the coast of the Philippines, annihilating them in Manila Bay and achieving a complete victory. He then assisted the army in the occupation of Manila on August 13. In 1899 he was promoted to admiral.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1859.10.20. バーモント,バーリントン
[没]1952.6.1. ニューヨーク
プラグマティズムに立つアメリカの哲学者,教育学者,心理学者。哲学のプラグマティズム学派創始者の一人,機能心理学の開拓者,アメリカの進歩主義教育運動の代表者。バーモント州立大学卒業後ジョンズ・ホプキンズ大学で心理学者 G.ホール,哲学者 C.パースなどに学んだ。 1888~1930年ミネソタ,ミシガン,シカゴ,コロンビアの各大学教授を歴任。その間日本,中国,トルコ,メキシコ,ソ連などを旅行し社会改革の実情を視察した。またトロツキー査問委員会委員長,アメリカ平和委員会の一員として政治的,社会的にも活躍。その哲学の特色は,伝統的哲学の絶対性や抽象的思弁を排し,哲学的思考は経験によって人間の欲求を実現するための道具であり,哲学的真理は善や美と並ぶ目的価値ではなく,それらを実現するための手段とみなすところにある。このインストルメンタリズムと呼ばれる立場を教育学に応用して進歩主義教育の理論を確立,その他政治学,社会学,美学などの分野にも貢献した。主著『心理学』 Psychology (1887) ,『民主主義と教育』 Democracy and Education (1916) ,『経験と自然』 Experience and Nature (25) ,『確実性の探求』 The Quest for Certainty (29) ,『人間の問題』 Problems of Men (46) など。

デューイ
Dewey, Melvil

[生]1851.12.10. アダムズセンター
[没]1931.12.26. レークプラシド
アメリカの図書館員。 1874年アマースト大学を卒業後,同大学の図書館員となった。 77年ボストンに移り"Library Journal"誌を創刊,アメリカ図書館協会の創立に参加。 83年ニューヨークのコロンビア大学の図書館員となり,同所にアメリカ最初の図書館学の学校を創立した。この学校はのちにオールバニに移り,州立図書館学校となった。 89~1906年ニューヨーク州立図書館長として多くの改革をし,巡回図書館や絵画収集の制度を創設した。 1876年に提案された「デューイ十進分類法」は広く利用されている。

デューイ
Dewey, Thomas Edmund

[生]1902.3.24. ミシガン,オウォソー
[没]1971.3.16. フロリダ,バルハーバー
アメリカの政治家,法律家。ミシガン大学,コロンビア大学院卒業後,弁護士開業。その後合衆国検事となり,1935~37年のニューヨークの組織犯罪の摘発で国民的名声を博した。 42,46,50年共和党からニューヨーク州知事に3選,雇用上の差別撤廃のための州機関の設置など行政手腕を高く評価された。 44,48年の2度共和党の大統領候補に指名されたが,民主党の F.ルーズベルトと H.トルーマンにそれぞれ敗れた。 55年政界を引退し弁護士活動に復帰。 59~62年日本貿易振興会顧問弁護士。

デューイ
Dewey, George

[生]1837.12.26. バーモント,モントピリア
[没]1917.1.16. ワシントンD.C.
アメリカの海軍軍人。 1858年海軍兵学校卒業。 61年海軍中尉。南北戦争にはニューオーリンズの戦い,ハドソン港の攻撃などに参加。 72年海軍中佐,96年海軍准将となった。 97年アジア艦隊司令長官となり,艦隊とともにホンコンに停泊中,98年4月アメリカ=スペイン戦争が始り,ただちにフィリピン沖に停泊中のスペイン艦隊を追ってマニラ湾でこれを全滅させ,完勝した。その後,8月 13日の陸軍部隊によるマニラ占領を支援。 99年海軍大将に昇進。

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