Enemy character

Japanese: 敵性 - てきせい(英語表記)enemy character
Enemy character

The enemy nature of people and property that are the target of measures taken by belligerent countries in time of war. Generally, it is the nationals and property of an enemy country that are considered enemy, while nationals and property of a neutral country are not. However, nationals of a neutral country can also become enemy if they commit hostile acts or join the enemy army. Furthermore, nationals of a neutral country who reside in an enemy country are treated the same as enemy nationals. Conversely, enemy nationals who reside in a neutral country lose their enemy nature, but this practice has been abandoned since World War I. Corporations established in an enemy country generally have enemy nature, and corporations operating there also tend to be recognized as enemy.

The hostility of a ship depends on its nationality. A ship flying an enemy flag is hostile, regardless of the nationality of its owner. A ship flying a neutral flag can also be considered hostile if it takes part in hostilities or resists the legitimate exercise of inspection or capture rights. The hostility of cargo that is an issue in the case of capture at sea depends on the owner of the cargo, but there is a conflict between Anglo-Americanism, which is based on domicile, and Frenchism, which is based on nationality.

[Hisakazu Fujita]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

戦時において交戦国のとる措置の対象となる人および財産の、敵としての性質。敵性を有するのは、一般に敵国の国民とその財産であって、中立国の国民とその財産は敵性を有しない。ただし中立国国民も敵対行為を行ったり、敵軍に加われば敵性を帯びる。また、敵国に居住する中立国国民も敵国民と同じに取り扱われる。逆に、中立国に居住する敵国民は敵性を失うが、第一次世界大戦後この実行は放棄されてきた。敵国で設立された法人は一般に敵性を有し、そこで営業する法人も敵性が認められる傾向にある。

 船舶の敵性はその国籍による。敵国旗を掲げる船舶は、所有者の国籍のいかんを問わず、敵性を有する。中立国旗を掲げる船舶も敵対行為に参加したり、臨検や捕獲権の正当な行使に抵抗すれば、敵性を有するとみなされる。海上捕獲に際して問題となる貨物の敵性は貨物所有者によるが、これには住所を基準とする英米主義と国籍を基準とするフランス主義の対立がある。

[藤田久一]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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