When fossils belonging to a certain phylogenetic group of organisms are arranged in chronological order, it is often possible to see a certain direction of change in their morphological characteristics. This tendency for change is called directed evolution. It is also called linear evolution or directed evolution. This term was coined by Eimer in 1885. The theory of evolution developed by paleontologists such as Cope and H.F. Osborn is called directed evolution. This theory was advocated because the directed evolution of evolution cannot be explained by the theory of natural selection, and it assumes that there is some kind of inherent "force" behind this directionality. This view was originally common in deism and teleology, which sees "evolution" as a great eternal process or movement of perfection. Lamarck's idea of the continuous spontaneous generation of simple to complex forms is considered a typical example, and K.E. von Baer, who reviewed Darwin's On the Origin of Species, also voiced his defense of this teleology. Furthermore, Cope's rule, which advocated neo-Lamarckism and emphasized the increase in size of the body, Osborn's aristogenesis, L. Berg's nomogenesis, philosopher Bergson's élan vital, and Teilhard de Chardin's omega principle are all part of the lineage of teleological orthorectification, although the ways of explaining them may differ. These theories of orthotropy are not generally accepted today. However, certain morphological trends on macroevolutionary timescales are widely accepted as facts. Although they are not as simple as initially thought, examples that are often cited include the shortening of horses' fingers and the complexity of their teeth, the elongation of elephants' tusks and trunks, and the enlargement of elk horns. How such trends came about is now being questioned anew. This is because, in the past, from the standpoint of the gradual theory, this has been explained rather easily, assuming constant environmental conditions and the direction of selective pressure, or the tendency itself has been ignored as being inexact. In response to this, since the 1970s, the punctuated theory (punctuated equilibrium theory) has been proposed, which states that even if the branching of species formation occurs stochastically equally in opposite directions, orthotropy can be explained if there is a difference in the extinction rate of species (what Stanley SM Stanley calls species selection), and the result will be the same if there is a difference in the rate of new species production itself. This is the main point of contention in the gradual theory-punctuated theory debate. [Akira Endo] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生物のある系統群に属する化石を産出年代順に並べると、それらの形態的特徴に一定の方向性をもった変化がしばしば認められる。このような変化の傾向を定向進化という。直進進化あるいは指向進化などともいう。 このことばはアイマーが1885年に提唱した。その後、古生物学者のコープやH・F・オズボーンなどによって展開された進化学説をとくに定向進化説という。これは、進化の定向性が自然選択(淘汰(とうた))説では説明できないとして唱えられたもので、そうした方向性になんらかの内在的な「力」を想定している。そのような見方は、もともとは、「進化」を永遠の大いなる完全化の過程もしくは運動とみる理神論や目的論に普遍的であった。ラマルクの単純から複雑への連続自然発生の考えはその典型とされるし、ダーウィンの『種の起原』を評したK・E・von・ベーアもこうした目的論の擁護を表明していた。さらに、ネオ・ラマルク主義を掲げ、体の増大化を強調した「コープの規則」、オズボーンの唱えたアリストゲネシス、ベルグL. Bergのノモゲネシスから、哲学者ベルクソンのエラン・ビタール、そしてテイヤール・ド・シャルダンのオメガ原理なども、説明の仕方に差はあるが、目的論的定向進化説の系譜をなすだろう。 現在ではこれらの定向進化説は一般的には受け入れられていない。しかし、大進化的時間尺度におけるなんらかの形態上の諸傾向は、事実としては広く認められている。当初考えられていたほど単純ではないにしても、ウマの指の短化や歯の複雑化、ゾウの牙(きば)や鼻の伸長、エルクジカの角(つの)の巨大化などが具体例としてよく引用される。そのような傾向はどのようにして生じたのかがいま改めて問い直されている。というのは、これは、従来漸進説の立場で、恒常的な環境条件と選択圧の方向性を仮定して、やや安易に説明されてきた、もしくは、その傾向自体が厳密でないとして無視されてきた。それに対して、1970年代以降、断続説(区切り平衡説)が提唱され、種形成の分岐が相反する方向に確率的に均等に生じるとしても種の絶滅率に差(スタンレーS. M. Stanleyのいう種選択)があれば定向性を説明できるし、また新種産生率そのものに差があれば結果は同じになるという。これは漸進説‐断続説論争の主要な争点とされるからである。 [遠藤 彰] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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