A thermometer that utilizes the property that the electrical resistance of metals and semiconductors depends on temperature. It is widely used for research measurements because it generally has good reproducibility. As shown in , the electrical resistance of metals is almost proportional to temperature. On the other hand, the electrical resistance of semiconductors is almost inversely proportional to temperature. Using this property, platinum wire thermometers are used to measure temperatures over a wide range from 20 to 1500 K (absolute temperature). Thermistor thermometers using semiconductor oxides can be made to show maximum sensitivity in the desired temperature range, so they are useful for simple measurements at 100 to 400 K. For low temperatures below 10 K, germanium thermometers or silicon thermometers, as shown in , are used. 1/8 watt carbon resistors for electronic circuits are also useful as low-temperature thermometers. These electrical resistances are measured using a potentiometer or a Wheatstone bridge (a type of bridge circuit).[Taka Watanabe] [Reference] | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Electrical resistance of metals (Figure A) ©Shogakukan "> Germanium thermometer (silicon thermometer)… Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
金属、半導体の電気抵抗値が温度依存性をもっている性質を利用した温度計。一般に再現性がよいために研究計測用に広く利用されている。 に示すように、金属の電気抵抗はほぼ温度に比例する性質を示す。一方、半導体の電気抵抗はほぼ温度に逆比例する。この性質を用いて白金線温度計は20~1500K(絶対温度)の広範囲にわたる温度測定に用いられる。半導体酸化物を用いたサーミスター温度計は、目的とする温度領域で最大感度を示すように作成できるので、100~400Kにおける簡易計測に便利である。10K以下の低温では のゲルマニウム温度計またはシリコン温度計などが用いられる。また電子回路用の1/8ワット炭素抵抗も低温用温度計として有用である。これらの電気抵抗の測定は、電位差計またはホイートストン・ブリッジ(ブリッジ回路の一つ)を用いて行う。[渡辺 昂] [参照項目] | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 金属の電気抵抗〔図A〕 ©Shogakukan"> ゲルマニウム温度計(シリコン温度計)の… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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