Diaspora (English spelling)

Japanese: ディアスポラ(英語表記)Diaspora
Diaspora (English spelling)
In Greek, it means "those who are scattered" and refers to Jews who had migrated to lands other than Palestine. In Hebrew, it means galut (meaning "exile"). Its origin is the Babylonian Captivity in 586 BC, when most Jews were forced to migrate to Babylonia. When Cyrus II of the Achaemenid Empire issued an edict of tolerance, some of the exiled Jews returned home (538 BC). It is known that many Jews also migrated to Elephantine, upstream of the Nile River in Egypt, around the same time. The largest ancient city was Alexandria, and 40% of the population in the 1st century BC was Jewish. The diaspora population in the 1st century reached 5 million, four-fifths of which lived in the Roman Empire. With the destruction of Jerusalem in 70, all Jews inside and outside Jerusalem lost their political and spiritual homeland, and began to settle in the great cities of the Orient and the Roman world. There, they followed their own traditions in language, religious rites, education, and other aspects, and lived a life isolated from the general public. As a result, there have been constant conflicts with local residents since ancient times, and there are records of persecution of Jews in Alexandria from the mid-1st century BC, and in Rome in 139 BC. By the mid-1st century, Jews had already migrated eastward to Persia and Mesopotamia, as well as to various parts of Asia Minor and northern Africa. The Apostle Paul's Christian missionary work also began with the Jews of the Diaspora as a base. Jews themselves do not always have the same view of the Diaspora, and they range from Orthodox to Reform. The main difference in modern times is whether or not they recognize the Zionist movement and the existence of the State of Israel.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
ギリシア語で「散らされている者」を意味し,ユダヤ人でパレスチナ以外の地に移り住んでいた人々をさす。ヘブライ語ではガルート(「追放」の意)。その起源は,おもだったユダヤ人をバビロニアに強制移住させた前586年のバビロン捕囚である。アケメネス朝ペルシアのキュロス2世が寛容勅令を出したとき,捕囚のユダヤ人は一部帰国した(前538)。同じ頃エジプトのナイル川上流のエレファンティンにもユダヤ人が多く移住していたことが知られている。古代最大の地はアレクサンドリアで,前1世紀の人口の 40%がユダヤ系であった。1世紀のディアスポラ人口は 500万に達し,その 5分の4はローマ帝国内に住んでいた。70年のエルサレム滅亡によって,内外のユダヤ人はすべて政治的・精神的故郷を失い,オリエント,ローマ世界の大都会で土着化し始めた。彼らはそこでも言語,宗教儀礼,教育などで独自の伝統に従い,一般人と隔絶した生活を送った。そのため古くから地域住民との間に紛争が絶えず,アレクサンドリアでは前1世紀半ばから,ローマにおいても前139年にユダヤ人が迫害された記録がある。1世紀中頃すでにユダヤ人は東はペルシア,メソポタミア,さらに小アジアの各地やアフリカ北部にも移住していた。使徒パウロのキリスト教の伝道も,ディアスポラのユダヤ人を足場として展開された。ユダヤ教徒自身のディアスポラ観は必ずしも常に同一でなく,正統派から改革派までさまざまである。現代におけるそのおもな違いはシオニズム運動とイスラエル国家の存在を認めるかどうかである。

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