Mechanism - mechanism English

Japanese: 機械論 - きかいろん(英語表記)mechanism 英語
Mechanism - mechanism English

Regarding the generation and transformation of events, if we distinguish between what is earlier and what is later in time, there are two ways of thinking: the earlier determines and controls what is later, and the conversely, the later determines and controls what is earlier. In other words, there are two ways of thinking: the way of thinking that sees generation and transformation as a necessary causal relationship, and the way of thinking based on the concept of goal. Mechanism is a philosophical standpoint that tries to understand the generation and transformation of all phenomena in the world (including mental things) based on the former way of thinking. In contrast, teleology tries to understand everything in the world based on the latter way of thinking. Therefore, mechanism and teleology are opposed to each other. Mechanism can be found historically in ancient figures such as Leucippus, Democritus, Epicurus, and Lucretius, and in modern times in Hobbes, Spinoza, La Mettrie, and d'Holbach.

By the way, even in the results of natural sciences, such as modern physics, which tries to understand nature through strict causal relationships, mechanism is certainly effective for the material world, but it cannot fully grasp the nature of organic phenomena or mental phenomena such as human free will. As a result, some people, like Kant, have come up with the idea that the scope of mechanism is limited to the material world and that teleology is valid in the spiritual world.

In modern times, explanations of organic phenomena such as living organisms from a physical standpoint are becoming more and more valid, and much of human mental activity can now be simulated by computers. In light of this, the possibilities and limitations of mechanistic theory are being debated once again.

[Yoshio Shimizu]

"The Philosophy of the Human Machine" by Hyakudai Sakamoto (1980, Keiso Shobo)

[Reference items] | Human-machine theory | Teleology

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

事象の生成変化について、時間的に先なるものと後なるものとの区別をたてた場合、先なるものが後なるものを決定し支配するというとらえ方と、逆に後なるものが先なるものを決定し支配するというとらえ方の二つがある。すなわち、生成変化を必然的な因果関係としてみるとらえ方と、目的概念によるとらえ方である。機械論は、前者のとらえ方のもとに世界のすべての事象(精神的なものも含めて)の生成変化を理解しようとする哲学上の立場である。これに対して、後者のとらえ方で世界のすべてを理解しようとするのが目的論である。したがって機械論は目的論と対立する。また機械論は歴史的には、古代のレウキッポス、デモクリトス、エピクロス、ルクレティウスなどに、近世ではホッブズ、スピノザ、ラ・メトリ、ドルバックなどにみいだされる。

 ところで、厳密な因果関係によって自然を理解しようとする近世の物理学に代表される自然科学の成果からみても、機械論は物質的な世界に対しては確かに有効であるが、有機的な現象や人間の自由意志などの精神的な事象については、十分にその性格をとらえられない。そこでカントのように、機械論の成立する範囲を物質界に制限し、精神界には目的論が成立するとする考え方も出てくる。

 なお、現代においては、生命体などの有機的な現象も物理学的立場からの説明が現実に有効なものとなりつつあり、また人間の精神活動の多くがコンピュータによってシミュレート(模擬化)できるようになったことなどを踏まえて、機械論の可能性や限界が改めて論議されている。

[清水義夫]

『ド・ラ・メトリ著、杉捷夫訳『人間機械論』(岩波文庫)』『坂本百大著『人間機械論の哲学』(1980・勁草書房)』

[参照項目] | 人間機械論 | 目的論

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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