A general term for flutes made from the conical tube of an animal's horn, either as is or similarly made from metal. Even if they are made from metal, examples from European languages suggest that they originated from horn. In addition to examples of original inventions and distribution in Africa and the Americas, there are many examples that originated in West Asia and spread widely to the Eurasian continent. The sound is amplified or changed by the resonance of the air column inside the conical tube as the mouth is placed over the hole at the tip of the horn and both lips vibrate, so it is classified as a lip-reed aerophone. It is used as a signal for hunter-gatherers, to form acoustic barriers in religious ceremonies, and in ensemble music such as military music. Although the sound can reach far, only two or three pitches can be distinguished even with harmonic adjustment, so multiple players take turns to create melodies or chords (West Africa) or to play in ensembles with other instruments (Europe). In recent years, some flutes have been designed with valves and keys that allow them to produce many sounds from a single flute. [Osamu Yamaguchi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
動物の角の円錐(えんすい)管をそのまま利用するか、あるいはそれに似せて金属でつくった笛の総称。金属製であっても、起源が角製であったことがヨーロッパ諸語の例からもわかる。アフリカや南北両アメリカ大陸で独自に考案され分布している例に加えて、西アジアに由来しユーラシア大陸に広く伝わっていった例も多い。発音方式としては、角の先端にあけた穴に口を当て、両唇を振動させながら円錐管の中の気柱の共振で増幅ないし変音するので、リップ・リード系気鳴楽器に分類される。狩猟採集での信号、宗教儀礼での音響的結界形成、軍楽などの合奏音楽に利用される。音は遠くまで届くが、倍音調整によっても二、三しか音高が区別できないので、複数奏者が交互に発音して旋律や和音をくふうしたり(西アフリカ)、他の楽器との合奏に供したり(ヨーロッパ)する。近年は、弁や鍵(キー)をくふうして1本から多くの音が出せるものもある。 [山口 修] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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