Italian Policy - Italianpolitik (English spelling) German

Japanese: イタリア政策 - いたりあせいさく(英語表記)Italienpolitik ドイツ語
Italian Policy - Italianpolitik (English spelling) German

The policy of Italian rule implemented by the successive German kings of the Saxon, Salier and Staufen dynasties, i.e. the Holy Roman Emperors. It is also called Kaiserpolitik (Imperial Policy). The Italian policy began when Otto I, King of the Saxon dynasty, succeeded his father Henry I's will and led an expedition to Italy, became King of the Lombards in Pavia in 951, and was crowned Emperor of the Romans in Rome in 962 (the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire). This linked Italy to the Kingdom of Germany, and the German king received the title of Emperor as the successor to the imperial power of Charlemagne, and took on the mission of protecting the Papacy and the Christian world in Western Europe. However, this was also a major cause of Germany being involved in the conflict between the Papacy and the Imperial power, and the Investiture Controversy between Henry IV of the Salier dynasty and Pope Gregory VII was one of the peaks of this. This conflict was temporarily resolved with the Concordat of Worms (1122), but the defection of domestic princes during the conflict weakened the German monarchy. Frederick I of the Staufen dynasty sought to strengthen control over Italy as one of the pillars for the restoration of monarchy, and implemented an energetic Italian policy, but the collapse of the Staufen dynasty brought an end to the Italian policy as well, due to rebellions from cities in northern Italy.

A major debate arose in the academic world of German history from the mid-19th century regarding the historical assessment of German policy. This debate, known as the Kaiserpolitik debate, is deeply connected to the arguments of both the Lesser Germanists and the Greater Germanists regarding German unification at the time. Siebel, who represents the former, condemned the Italian policy of medieval German emperors, arguing that the cause of the territorial division of modern Germany lay in the policy. On the other hand, Ficker, who represents the latter, defended the Italian policy, arguing that it was born out of the need to govern Germany domestically. The debate has continued to this day, but it can be said that Ficker's realism is gradually gaining the upper hand.

[Shosuke Hirajo]

"Studies on Medieval German History" by Shiro Masuda (1951, Keiso Shobo) " "History of a Transition" by G. Barraclough, translated by Teijiro Maekawa and Masao Kaneiwa (1954, Shakai Shisosha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ザクセン朝、ザリエル朝、シュタウフェン朝の歴代ドイツ国王、すなわち神聖ローマ皇帝が行ったイタリア支配の政策。「皇帝政策」Kaiserpolitikともよばれる。イタリア政策は、ザクセン朝の国王オットー1世が、父王ハインリヒ1世の遺志を継ぎイタリア遠征を行い、951年パビアでランゴバルド王の位につき、その後62年ローマでローマ皇帝の帝冠を受けた(神聖ローマ帝国の成立)ことに始まる。これによりイタリアはドイツ王国に結び付けられ、ドイツ国王はカール大帝の皇帝権の後継者として皇帝の称号を受け、ローマ教皇権ならびに西欧キリスト教世界の保護者としての使命を帯びることとなった。だが、このことは同時に、ドイツを教皇権と皇帝権との争いに巻き込む大きな原因ともなり、ザリエル朝のハインリヒ4世と教皇グレゴリウス7世との間に争われた聖職叙任権闘争は、その一つのピークをなすものであった。この闘争は、ウォルムス協約(1122)によりいちおうの収束をみたが、闘争期間中の国内諸侯の離反により、ドイツ王権の弱体化をもたらした。シュタウフェン朝のフリードリヒ1世は、王権再建の一つの支柱をイタリア支配の強化に求め、精力的なイタリア政策を展開したが、北イタリア諸都市の反抗を受け、シュタウフェン朝の崩壊とともに、イタリア政策も終止符を打った。

 イタリア政策の歴史的評価に関して、19世紀中葉以降ドイツ史学界で大きな論争が起こった。皇帝政策論争とよばれるもので、当時のドイツ統一をめぐる小ドイツ主義派と大ドイツ主義派の両者の主張に深く結び付いている。前者を代表するジーベルは、近代ドイツの領邦分裂の原因が中世ドイツ皇帝のイタリア政策にあるとしてこれを断罪したのに対し、後者を代表するフィッカーは、イタリア政策がドイツ国内統治の必要から出たものとして擁護論を展開した。論争は現在まで尾を引いているが、フィッカー的な現実論がしだいに優位を占めてきつつあるといえよう。

[平城照介]

『増田四郎著『独逸中世史の研究』(1951・勁草書房)』『G・バラクラフ著、前川貞次郎・兼岩正夫訳『転換期の歴史』(1954・社会思想社)』

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