It is a trapezoidal piece of furniture for doing work, reading, etc., and consists of a base, legs, and drawers. Tables have been used as a stand since ancient times. The history of the office desk as we know it today is quite recent. [Jiro Obara] historyThe prototype of the Western desk was the writing table of medieval monasteries, which consisted of a box with a lid placed on a chest. In the 17th century, a style of box where the lid could be opened to reveal a deck was developed, and this was called a bureau. In the 18th century, the inside of the box became a bookshelf, and this was called a secretary. Around the same time, a small desk with drawers on both sides called a desk table was used for women. It was in the 19th century that this developed into a wooden desk, and it was not until the 20th century that modern desks designed specifically for office work were created and became widely used. In Japan, the character for desk appears in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, but it was a type of table or plan. Writing equipment first appeared during the Nara period, when sutra desks were made, and in the Muromachi period, built-in writing desks appeared, eventually developing into attached shoin. Until World War I, desks were almost always made of wood, even in Europe. After the war, steel tubing furniture was produced at the Bauhaus in Germany, which became the starting point for the production of furniture made from new materials. After World War II, Japan followed the example of the United States and produced steel desks, which quickly became popular and are now so widely used that steel desks are now associated with office desks. More recently, with the spread of office automation (OA), various types of desks are being produced to suit computer equipment. [Jiro Obara] kindsThere are two types of desks: sitting desks and standing desks. Sitting desks are traditional writing desks used in Japanese-style rooms and are used on tatami mats. Standing desks are combined with a chair and come in a variety of types, including flat desks (without arms), single-arm desks, double-arm desks, typing desks and computer desks. They are classified by material, including wooden desks, steel desks and mixed wood and metal desks. Desk standards include JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) for office use and school use. Of all the dimensions of a desk, the most important functionally is its height. It is logical to measure height from the seat of the chair, and the distance from the seat to the floor is called the sajaku. The standard height of an office chair is 40 centimeters, and the average sajaku suitable for an adult Japanese male is 30 centimeters, and for an adult Japanese female is 28 centimeters, so a desk height of 70 to 68 centimeters can be considered a rough guide. The JIS standards are 70 centimeters and 67 centimeters. Additionally, it is stipulated that there should be at least 60 centimeters of space in the width direction for the lower legs. [Jiro Obara] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
事務、読書などを行う台形の家具で、甲板(こういた)と脚および引出しからできている。古くから台の用途にはテーブルが使われていた。今日の事務用机のような形ができあがった歴史は、ごく新しいことである。 [小原二郎] 歴史西洋の机の原型は中世僧院の写字台で、それは櫃(ひつ)の上に蓋(ふた)付きの箱をのせたものであった。17世紀になって、箱の蓋を開くとそれが甲板になる形式が生まれ、これをビューローbureauとよんだ。18世紀には、箱の中が書棚になり、それをセクレタリーsecretaryと名づけた。一方同じころに、婦人用として、小形の机の両袖(そで)に引出しのついたデスクテーブルとよばれるものが使われていた。それが木製デスクの形に発展したのは19世紀で、現在のような事務専用の机が生まれて広く普及したのは、20世紀になってからのことである。 日本では『古事記』と『日本書紀』に机という字が出てくるが、それは卓または案(あん)の一種であった。筆記用のものが現れたのは、経机がつくられた奈良時代で、室町時代には建物の一部に造り付けになった出文机(だしふづくえ)が現れ、やがて付書院(つけしょいん)へと発達していった。 机は第一次世界大戦の前までは、ヨーロッパにおいてもほとんど木製であった。戦後ドイツのバウハウスで鋼管家具がつくられ、それが糸口になって新材料の家具がつくられるようになった。わが国は第二次世界大戦後アメリカに倣ってスチール製机をつくったが、それが急速に普及して、いまでは事務用机といえばスチール製のものを連想するほどに広く使われている。最近ではオフィスオートメーション(OA)の普及によって、コンピュータ機器にあわせた各種の机がつくられている。 [小原二郎] 種類机には座り机と立ち机がある。座り机は伝統的な和室用の書き机で、畳の上で使用する。立ち机は椅子(いす)と組み合わせるもので、平机(袖のないもの)、片袖机、両袖机、タイプ用机、コンピュータ用机などの種類がある。材料による区分としては、木製机、スチール製机、木金の混合机などがある。机の規格には事務用と学校用のJIS(ジス)(日本工業規格)がある。 机の寸法のうち、機能的にもっともだいじなものは高さである。高さは椅子の座面から測るのが合理的で、座面から甲板までの距離を差尺(さじゃく)という。事務用椅子の高さは40センチメートルが標準で、日本人成人男子に適した差尺の平均は30センチメートル、女子の差尺の平均は28センチメートルであるから、事務用机の高さは70~68センチメートルを目安と考えればよい。JISでは70センチメートルと67センチメートルになっている。また、下肢のためのスペースとしては、間口方向に60センチメートル以上の空きをとるように決めてある。 [小原二郎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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