Jew's harp (English spelling)

Japanese: 口琴 - こうきん(英語表記)jew's harp 英語
Jew's harp (English spelling)

A general term for a type of musical instrument in which one end of a thin elastic piece is fixed to a frame and the vibrations from the other end are resonated through the mouth. The English name is Jew's harp, but the origin of this name is unclear. Jew's harps are widely distributed, and even just the regions in which they exist include East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Melanesia, Europe, and North America. Although their shapes and materials vary depending on the region, they can be classified as follows based on their structural characteristics.

The flakes that act as vibrators are all long, thin plates or rods, but there are five different shapes: (1) the same width all over, (2) tapering toward the tip, (3) tapering in stages, (4) bulging in the middle, and (5) hook-shaped at the tip. Most are surrounded by a frame, often in the shape of a thin plate, cylinder, or horseshoe. The flakes and frame are either cut from the same material from a single piece of raw material or made from different materials and joined together. Bamboo, hardwood, and iron are the most common materials, but there are also rare cases where they are made from the central vein of sclerophyll or bone.

The methods of vibrating the flakes are broadly divided into direct vibration with the fingers and indirect vibration. The former methods include flicking the tip of the flake with the fingers (European Jew's Harp) and hitting the middle of the flake with the hand. There is also a method of attaching a string to the base of the flake and hitting it with the hand (Melanesian Jew's Harp). The latter methods include flicking a protrusion on the other side of the flake and vibrating the flake with the recoil (Southeast Asian Jew's Harp) and vibrating the flake by pulling a string attached to the base of the flake (Ainu Mukkuri and Taiwanese Takasago Jew's Harp).

The volume of sound produced by the vibration of the flakes is small, and the pitch and timbre are consistent. The volume can be increased to some extent by placing the free end of the flake in front of the mouth and letting the vibration of the flake resonate in the mouth. In this case, it is best to have as narrow a gap as possible between the flake and the frame. The volume of the sound can also be varied by breathing techniques. By moving the tongue and larynx in various ways, certain overtones can be continuously amplified, and even a melody can be produced. The timbre can also be varied by changing the shape of the mouth and lips, resulting in a variety of acoustic effects.

Due to the low volume and subtlety of the mouth harp's sound, it is often used for entertainment by an individual or small group of players, or as a substitute for spoken communication, and in India and Southeast Asia it is used to reinforce or imitate the sounds of other instruments or voices, and in Europe it provides musical accompaniment for dance.

[Yoichi Yamada]

[Reference] | Mukkuri

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

弾力のある薄片の一端を枠に固定させ、他端の振動を口腔(こうこう)で共鳴させるタイプの楽器の総称。英語名をジューズ・ハープというが、その由来は明らかではない。口琴の分布は広く、現存する地域だけでも東アジア、南アジア、東南アジア、メラネシア、ヨーロッパ、北アメリカなどを数える。地域によって、その形状、材質などさまざまであるが、構造上の特徴から以下のように分類できる。

 振動体としての薄片はすべて細長い板状もしくは棒状だが、その形には次の5種がある。(1)全体が同じ幅のもの、(2)先端に向かってしだいに細くなっていくもの、(3)段階的に細くなっていくもの、(4)中ほどで膨らんでいるもの、(5)先端が鉤(かぎ)状に曲がっているもの、である。枠は薄片の周囲を囲むものがほとんどで、薄板形、円筒形、馬蹄(ばてい)形などが多い。薄片と枠は、一つの原材から薄片を切り出した同一素材のものと、それぞれ異なる材料からつくってつなぎ合わせたものとに分けられる。用いられる材料は竹、硬木、鉄が多いが、まれに硬葉の中央脈や骨でつくられたものもある。

 薄片を振動させる方法は、直接手指で振動させるものと、間接的に振動させるものとに大別される。前者の方式には、薄片の先端を指ではじくもの(ヨーロッパのジューズ・ハープ)や、薄片の中ほどを手でたたくものがある。また、薄片の根元付近に紐(ひも)を取り付け、それを持ってたたくもの(メラネシアの口琴)もある。後者の方式には、薄片の反対側に設けた突起をはじき、その反動で薄片を振動させるもの(東南アジアの口琴)や、薄片の根元付近に取り付けた紐を引っ張ることによって薄片を振動させるもの(アイヌのムックリ、台湾高砂(たかさご)族の口琴)がある。

 薄片の振動によって発生する音量は小さく、音高や音色も一定である。音量に関しては、薄片の固定されていない一端を口腔の前に置き、薄片の振動を口腔内で共鳴させることによってある程度増大する。その際、薄片と枠のすきまはできるだけ狭いほうがよい。また呼吸法によって音に強弱の変化をつけることもできる。音高については、舌と喉頭(こうとう)をさまざまに動かしていくつかの特定の倍音を連続的に増幅させ、旋律すら生み出すことができる。また音色についても、口腔や唇の形を変化させることで多様な音響効果が得られる。

 用途としては、口琴の音の小ささや微妙さのため、奏者個人もしくは少人数の間で娯楽的に用いられたり、発話コミュニケーションのかわりとしての機能をもつことが多い。またインドと東南アジアでは他の楽器音や声の補強や模倣に使われ、ヨーロッパでは舞踊の伴奏音楽を提供することもある。

[山田陽一]

[参照項目] | ムックリ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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