Dyes that can be used to dye cellulose fibers such as cotton and rayon directly in a neutral or weakly alkaline aqueous solution without pretreatment such as mordant or undersoaking. They are also called direct cotton dyes. Historically, since the discovery of Congo Red by Paul Böttiger of Germany in 1884, many dyes have been developed, and today they occupy the leading position among synthetic dyes. Many of them have strong molecular associations and form colloids. They are broadly divided into the following three types based on their performance and applications. (1) General direct dyes: These dyes have a long history. They have low fastness to sunlight and washing, so they are used more for coloring pulp, silk, leather, miscellaneous goods, etc. than for cotton or rayon. (2) High-grade direct dyes (serious direct dyes): These dyes have a chemical structure that has been modified to improve light resistance and washing fastness. In addition to rayon and cupra pulp, they are used to dye the cellulose fiber side of blends such as polyester-rayon and polyester-cotton. (3) Post-treated direct dyes These dyes have improved fastness through copper post-treatment, etc., and have a structure that can form a complex salt with copper ions. Direct dyes are mainly azo dyes made from benzidine, dithiothreidine, and dianisidine. However, benzidine has not been produced since the 1970s when its carcinogenicity was discovered. In addition to these azo dyes, phthalocyanine and other dyes that have been sulfonated to make them water-soluble are also used as high-grade direct dyes. [Tobita Mitsuhiko] [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
木綿やレーヨンなどのセルロース繊維を媒染や下浸(したづ)けなどの前処理をせずに、中性または弱アルカリ性水溶液中で直接に染色できる染料。直接木綿染料ともいう。歴史的には、1884年ドイツのベッティガーPaul Böttigerによるコンゴーレッドの発見以来、数多くの染料が開発され、現在では合成染料の主要な地位を占めている。分子会合性が強く、コロイドになるものが多い。性能、用途面から次の3種に大別されている。 (1)一般直接染料 歴史的に古い染料が多い。日光や洗濯に対する堅牢(けんろう)度が低いので、木綿やレーヨンよりはパルプ、絹、皮、雑貨などの着色に多く用いられている。 (2)高級直接染料(シリアス系直接染料) 耐光性や洗濯堅牢度を向上させるために、化学構造にくふうを加えた染料。レーヨン、キュプラパルプのほかにも、ポリエステル・レーヨン、ポリエステル・綿など混紡のセルロース繊維側の染色に用いられている。 (3)後処理直接染料 銅後処理などで堅牢度の向上がある染料で、銅イオンと錯塩を形成しうる構造をもっている。 直接染料はベンジジン、ジトリジン、ジアニシジンからのアゾ染料が主体である。ただし、ベンジジンは発癌(はつがん)性が明らかになった1970年代以降は生産されていない。これらのアゾ染料のほかに、フタロシアニンなどをスルホン化して水溶性にしたものも高級直接染料として用いられている。 [飛田満彦] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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