A living organism that flourished on Earth in the past and is now on the path to extinction, but is still surviving in a small number of special environments. It is also called a "living fossil" and refers to a relic, or remaining organism. American paleontologist G. G. Simpson classifies organisms that remain as relic species into the following five types. (1) Quantitative relics are those that were once numerous and of which only a few remain. An example of this is the Indian rhinoceros. (2) Geographical relics: These are plants that were once distributed over a wide geographical area but now only survive in limited areas. Examples include ginkgo trees and metasequoias. Other examples include plants that were widespread during the Ice Age but are now found only in high mountains, as well as pikas, rock ptarmigans, and parsleys. (3) Phylogenetic relics: These are cases where primitive organisms in terms of phylogenetic evolution have survived with little evolution. Examples of this include plants such as liverwort and horsetail, as well as the clam and coelacanth. (4) Taxonomic relics: There were once many taxonomic groups, but now only a few species remain. An example of this is the elephant. (5) Environmental relics: Organisms that once thrived by adapting to a specific environment have retained their characteristics and survived while adapting to subsequent changes in the environment. Examples include the sea lizards and land lizards of the Galapagos Islands and the seals of Lake Baikal. However, some relict species exhibit characteristics of two or more of the above categories, making them difficult to classify. These relict species provide valuable clues for reconstructing past organisms and understanding the process and causes of phylogenetic evolution. [Masae Omori] "Shoji Ijiri, Katsutomo Mano, and Susumu Hotta, "The Uncivilized in the 'New' Civilization: The World of Relics" (1998, Tsukiji Shokan) [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
過去、地球上で繁栄した生物で絶滅の道をたどっているものが、特別の環境内にわずかに生存しているものをいう。「生きている化石」ともいい、レリックrelic(またはレリクトrelict)すなわち残存生物のことをさす。アメリカの古生物学者G・G・シンプソンは、遺存種として残っている生物を次の五つの型に分類している。 (1)数量的レリック かつて数量的に個体数が多かったものが少数生き残っているもので、インドサイがその例にあたる。 (2)地理的レリック かつて地理的に広い範囲に分布していたものが、現在では限られた地域にだけ生存しているもので、イチョウ、メタセコイアなどがこれに属し、また氷河時代に広く分布していて今では高山にのみ認められる植物やナキウサギ、ライチョウ、ウスバキチョウなどもこの例に入る。 (3)系統的レリック 系統進化のうえで原始的な生物が、ほとんど進化しないまま生存している場合で、ゼニゴケやトクサなどの植物や、シャミセンガイ、シーラカンスなどがこの例に入る。 (4)分類的レリック かつては分類学上多くのグループが存在していたが、現在では少数の種類だけしか生存していないもので、ゾウがこの例にあたる。 (5)環境的レリック かつて特定の環境に適応して繁栄した生物が、その後の環境の変化に適応しつつ形質を保って生き残っているもので、ガラパゴス島のウミトカゲやリクトカゲ、バイカル湖のアザラシなどがその例にあたる。 ただし、遺存種には上記の分類の二つ以上の性質を示すものがあるため、簡単に分類することはできない。こうした遺存種は過去の生物を復元し、系統進化の過程や原因を知るために貴重な手掛りを与えてくれる。 [大森昌衛] 『井尻正二・真野勝友・堀田進著『「新」文明のなかの未開――レリックの世界』(1998・築地書館)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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