Stethoscope - stethoscope

Japanese: 聴診器 - ちょうしんき
Stethoscope - stethoscope

Auscultation is a method of examining a patient by listening to the natural vibrations that occur inside the body and using them as a means of diagnosis, and the instrument used for this is the stethoscope. Listening to vibrations by placing one's ear directly on the patient's body was also practiced in ancient Egypt and ancient Greece, but it was the French physician Laennec who built the foundations of modern auscultation in 1819, when he was inspired by a child's game and rolled up a notebook into a cylindrical shape to try using it for auscultation.

There are two types of stethoscopes: tubular (mono-aural) and binaural. A tubular stethoscope is a funnel made of a homogeneous rigid body, with the wide end placed against the body wall and the other thin end placed against the ear. A typical example is the Traube stethoscope, which was popular in the past because it does not change the nature of the sound, but is now only used for auscultation in obstetrics. Binaural stethoscopes are the most commonly used today, and consist of a sound collecting part that collects vibrations and a tube that transmits them to the ear, so named because the sound is transmitted to both ears for listening. Until around 1955, the most commonly used models had a sound collecting part and a part that is clamped to the ear made of ivory or ebonite, and a tube made of rubber, but nowadays most of these materials are made of metal, artificial rubber, or synthetic resin products. In particular, those with both a membrane-type and a funnel-type sound collecting part that can be used by flipping them over as needed are popular.

A stethoscope is used to auscultate the chest, abdomen, neck, and limbs. For the heart, heart sounds (normal heart sounds, extra heart sounds), heart murmurs, and vascular murmurs are heard. For the lungs, respiratory sounds, rales (noises heard when air passes through the trachea and bronchi), friction sounds, and vocal conduction are heard. For the abdomen, intestinal peristalsis sounds, vascular murmurs, fetal heart sounds, and uterine murmurs are heard. Listening to heart sounds is absolutely essential for diagnosing heart disease, especially valvular heart disease and congenital heart disease. Auscultation of the lungs is useful for diagnosing bronchitis, pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, lung tumors, bronchial asthma, pleurisy, and pneumothorax. For abdominal auscultation, borborygmus (gurgling sounds) associated with intestinal peristalsis can be heard, but this becomes more pronounced if there is an intestinal obstruction, and disappears in cases of paralytic ileus. In addition, in cases of abdominal aortic aneurysm, vascular murmurs can be heard in the corresponding area. In obstetrics, abdominal auscultation using a Traube type stethoscope can detect fetal heart sounds, umbilical cord murmurs, fetal movement sounds, uterine murmurs, aortic sounds, bowel sounds, etc.

[Yoshiro Inoue]

[References] | Bronchiitis | Pleurisy | Valvular heart disease |Intestinal obstruction | Pneumonia

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

患者の体内で発生する自然の振動を耳で聴いて診察し、診断の手段に役だてる方法を聴診法といい、その際に用いる器具が聴診器である。患者の体に直接耳を当てて振動を聴くことは、古代エジプトや古代ギリシアでも行われたが、現在の聴診法の基礎を築いたのは、フランスの医師ラエネクで、1819年、児戯にヒントを得てノートを筒形に巻き、聴診に試用したのが始まりである。

 聴診器には、管状(単耳)と双耳とがある。管状聴診器は均質の剛体でつくられた漏斗(ろうと)で、幅広い端を体壁に、細い他端を耳に当てる。代表的なものにトラウベ型聴診器があり、音の性質が変化しないため、過去には好んで用いられたが、現在では産科での聴診に用いられるにすぎない。双耳聴診器は現在もっとも普通に用いられる聴診器で、振動を集める集音部と、これを耳に伝える管の部分からなり、音を両耳に伝えて聴き取るところからこの名がある。1955年ころまでは、集音部と耳に挟む部分が象牙(ぞうげ)あるいはエボナイト製、管の部分がゴム製という型がよく用いられたが、現在ではこれらの材料に、金属や人造ゴム、合成樹脂製品を用いたものが多い。とくに集音部として膜型と漏斗型の両者を備え、必要に応じてひっくり返して使い分けられるものが好んで用いられている。

 聴診器により胸部、腹部、頸(けい)部、四肢などを聴診する。心臓については、心音(正常心音、過剰心音)、心雑音、血管雑音など、肺については呼吸音、ラ音(気管・気管支を空気が通過するときに認められる雑音)、摩擦音、声音伝導など、腹部では腸管蠕動(ぜんどう)音、血管雑音、胎児心音、子宮雑音などを聴取する。心音を聴取することは、心疾患の診断、とくに心臓弁膜症、先天性心疾患の診断には絶対不可欠である。肺の聴診では気管支炎、肺炎、肺結核、肺腫瘍(しゅよう)、気管支喘息(ぜんそく)、胸膜炎、気胸などの診断に役だつ。腹部の聴診では腸管の蠕動に伴う腹鳴(グル音)が聴かれるが、腸管に通過障害があると亢進(こうしん)し、麻痺(まひ)性腸閉塞(へいそく)では消失する。また、腹部大動脈瘤(りゅう)などでは、相当する部位に血管雑音が聴かれる。産科でのトラウベ型聴診器による腹部聴診では、胎児から発する胎児心音、臍帯(さいたい)雑音、胎動音、母体から発する子宮雑音、大動脈音、腸雑音などを聴取しうる。

[井上義朗]

[参照項目] | 気管支炎 | 胸膜炎 | 心臓弁膜症 | 腸閉塞 | 肺炎

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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