Central Limit Theorem

Japanese: 中心極限定理 - ちゅうしんきょくげんていり
Central Limit Theorem

If the probability distribution of the random variable Sn is the binomial distribution B(n,p), then

According to Bernoulli's law of large numbers, when n is large, it is close to 0 except in exceptional cases. But what if you divide Sn-np by instead of by n? There is the following theorem about this.


Then, the probability distribution of Yn is close to the normal distribution N(0,1) when n is sufficiently large. That is, for any real numbers a, b (a<b),

This theorem is called Laplace's theorem or de Moivre-Laplace's theorem. It is a practical extension of Bernoulli's law of large numbers.

Even if we remove the assumption of binomial distribution in Laplace's theorem, the following theorem of a similar form holds. Let us assume that the random variables X 1 , X 2 , …, X n are independent, and each X i has the same probability distribution with mean m and variance σ 2. In this case,

If we put

The distribution of is close to the normal distribution N(0,1) when n is sufficiently large. This theorem is called the central limit theorem. This theorem has been extended in various directions, and this set of theorems is also called the central limit theorem.

[Shigeru Furuya]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

確率変数Snの確率分布が二項分布B(n,p)であるとすると、

は、ベルヌーイの大数(たいすう)の法則によって、nが大きいとき、例外的な場合を除いてほぼ0に近い。しかしSn-npをnで割るかわりにで割ったものについてはどうか。これについては次の定理がある。


と置けば、Ynの確率分布は、nが十分大きいとき正規分布N(0,1)に近い。すなわち、任意の実数a,b(a<b)に対して

が成り立つ。この定理をラプラスの定理またはド・モアブル‐ラプラスの定理という。これは、ベルヌーイの大数の法則を実用的な形にまで拡張したものである。

 ラプラスの定理における二項分布の仮定を取り除いても同じような形の次の定理が成り立つ。確率変数X1、X2、……、Xnが独立であって、各Xiは平均値がm、分散がσ2であるような同一の確率分布をもつとする。このとき

と置けば、

の分布は、nが十分大きいときには正規分布N(0,1)に近い。この定理を中心極限定理という。この定理は種々の方向に拡張されるが、これら一連の定理も中心極限定理とよばれている。

[古屋 茂]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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