Galley - Galley (English spelling)

Japanese: ガレー船 - がれーせん(英語表記)galley
Galley - Galley (English spelling)

A military ship, mainly used in the Mediterranean Sea and Europe from around 3000 BC to the 18th century AD, was a type of ship that was rowed by oars. It was named after Greek galleys and Roman galleys, but the early ships were called unireme, which had only one row of rowers. Around 500 BC, bireme, which had two rows of rowers, appeared, and around the 4th century BC, trireme, which is known from inscriptions and drawings. It is said that there were ships with four, five, and even ten rows, but there is no document that indicates whether this actually refers to the number of rows of rowers or is just a unit of measurement for a different class of ship. The length of the oars of a trireme was about 4.27 meters, 3.5 meters, and 2.28 meters from the top row. The length of the ship was about 40 meters, the width was 5 to 7 meters, and the number of oars was 31 on the top and 27 on the bottom, and almost the same number on the middle. The average speed was about 2.5 knots (about 4.6 kilometers per hour), and it could reach about 8 knots for short periods. The hull was low and weak against waves. In the early days, square sails were hoisted on one or two masts depending on the length of the ship only when the wind was blowing, but later, triangular sails called latein sails were also used. The most important weapon was the ram, which was made by sticking out forward near the water line at the bow of the ship, and was used to crash into enemy ships, making holes in them and sinking them, or to board the enemy ship from the rammed bow and fight. The use of galleys was seen until the time of the Russian-Swedish war in 1809. Today, the word galley remains as the name of a boat or a ship's kitchen.

[Torao Shigezai]

Greek Galley
Ancient Greek warships © Hayao Nogami ">

Greek Galley

Roman galley
Roman warships ©Shogakukan Library ">

Roman galley

Roman Galley Structure (Trireme)
©Shogakukan Library ">

Roman Galley Structure (Trireme)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

紀元前3000年ごろから紀元後18世紀までも続いて、地中海を中心とするヨーロッパで用いられた櫂(かい)で漕(こ)ぐ形の軍用船。ギリシア・ガレー船、ローマ・ガレー船などの名を残しているが、初期のものは漕手(こぎて)が1段だけの一段櫂船uniremeから始まるが、前500年ごろから上下2段に漕手のいる二段櫂船biremeが現れ、前4世紀ごろから三段櫂船triremeの出現が、碑文や絵によって知られる。さらに四段、五段……、十数段というものまで伝えられているが、現実にこれが漕手の上下配列の段数を示すものなのか、別な船級を示す単位だけの意味なのかについては資料が残っていない。三段櫂船の場合のオールの長さは、最上段からおよそ4.27メートル、3.5メートル、2.28メートルであった。船の長さは約40メートル、幅は5~7メートル、そしてオールの数は上から31本、27本、下段も中段とほぼ同数であった。平均速力は2.5ノット(時速約4.6キロメートル)程度で、短時間には8ノットぐらいを出しえた。船体は低く、波に対しては弱かった。帆は初期においては、船の長さに応じて1本ないし2本のマストに追い風のときにだけ四角な横帆をあげたが、のちには三角縦帆であるラティーン・セールも用いられた。最大の武器は船首水面付近に前に向かって突き出させてつくった衝角(しょうかく)ramで、敵船に衝突させて穴をあけて沈没させるか、突っ込んだ船首から敵船に乗り込んで戦うという方法をとった。ガレー船の使用は、1809年のロシアとスウェーデン戦のころまでみられた。現在ガレーということばはボートの名や船の炊事場の名として残っている。

[茂在寅男]

ギリシア・ガレー船
古代ギリシアの軍船©野上隼夫">

ギリシア・ガレー船

ローマ・ガレー船
ローマ時代の軍船©小学館ライブラリー">

ローマ・ガレー船

ローマ・ガレー船の構造(三段櫂船)
©小学館ライブラリー">

ローマ・ガレー船の構造(三段櫂船)


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