Middle ear

Japanese: 中耳 - ちゅうじ
Middle ear

The part of the ear that is located between the outer and inner ear and is separated from the external ear canal by the eardrum. The main part of the middle ear is the tympanic cavity, which is a cavity just inside the eardrum. The eustachian tube is connected to the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity. Behind the tympanic cavity are the mastoid sinus and mastoid cell. The tympanic membrane is a thin membrane about 1 cm in diameter, and its outer surface is a continuation of the skin of the external ear canal, but its inner surface is covered with mucous membrane. The tympanic membrane is slightly tilted outward and forward, so the tympanic cavity is also tilted in the same way, and overall it has the shape of a biconcave lens with six sides. Three ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes; written in katakana in anatomy) protrude above the tympanic cavity. The connected ossicles connect the tympanic membrane to the vestibular window of the inner ear as a whole. The Eustachian tube, which comes out of the Eustachian tube opening in the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity, runs from the front lower to the lower medial front, and opens into the pharynx. When the Eustachian tube is blocked, the air in the tympanic cavity becomes negative pressure, the tympanic membrane collapses toward the tympanic cavity, weakening the vibration and making it difficult to hear sounds. The Eustachian tube also brings in sources of infection from the nasal cavity and pharynx, making it easy to develop acute otitis media. The mastoid cavity is a cavity about 1 cm in diameter located at the rear upper part of the tympanic cavity, and below this cavity are the mastoid cells. The mastoid cells are the internal structure of the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and are made up of many small cavities with a spongy structure. These small cavities are called air-containing cells because they contain air inside. If bacteria invade this area and cause mastoiditis, medications are less effective and treatment becomes difficult. Mastoiditis is also likely to occur concomitantly with otitis media. The tympanic membrane is highly sensitive to pain because sensory nerves are distributed there.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Animal Middle Ear

The middle ear is the area between the eardrum and the inner ear, and is found in vertebrates above the age of amphibians. It amplifies air vibrations and transmits them to the inner ear, where the auditory receptors are located. It consists of the tympanic cavity, eardrum, Eustachian tube, and auditory ossicles. Fish do not have a middle ear, but in sharks, the respiratory opening, which is a vestige of the first gill slit, is thought to be homologous to the middle ear. The ossicles that connect the eardrum and inner ear are columnar and called trabeculae in amphibians, reptiles, and birds, and originate from the tongue and jaw cartilage of fish. The ossicles of mammals consist of three bones: the malleus attached to the eardrum, the stirrup attached to the vestibular window of the inner ear, and the incus that connects the two. The stapes is said to be homologous to the trabeculae of the ear. The malleus and incus are believed to be the articular bone and quadrate bone of the fish jaw that were modified and placed in the middle ear. The Eustachian tube originated as a drainage hole in lower fishes and serves to keep the air pressure on both sides of the eardrum equal.

[Sumio Takahashi]

[References] | Hearing | Tympanic cavity | Eustachian tube | Ossicles | Otitis media | Ear
Ear structure
©Shogakukan ">

Ear structure


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

耳の一部で、外耳と内耳との中間に位置し、外耳の外耳道とは鼓膜が境となっている。中耳の主要部分は鼓室で、これは鼓膜のすぐ内側の腔(くう)である。鼓室の前方壁には耳管が連なる。鼓室の後方には副腔として乳突洞や乳突蜂巣(ほうそう)がある。鼓膜は直径約1センチメートルの薄い膜で、外面は外耳道の皮膚の続きであるが、内面は粘膜に覆われる。鼓膜はやや外前方に傾いているため、鼓室腔もこの傾きと同じような傾きをとり、全体として6面をもった両凹レンズのような形をしている。鼓室腔の上方には、3個の耳小骨(ツチ骨、キヌタ骨、アブミ骨。解剖学では片仮名表記)が突出している。連結している耳小骨は、全体として鼓膜と内耳の前庭窓とをつないでいる。鼓室の前壁の耳管鼓室口から出る耳管は、前下方から下内前方に向かって走り、咽頭(いんとう)に開く。この耳管が閉塞(へいそく)すると、鼓室の空気は陰圧となり、鼓膜が鼓室側に陥凹して振動が弱くなり、音が聞きにくくなる。また、耳管は鼻腔や咽頭から感染源を持ち込んで、急性中耳炎などをおこしやすい。乳突洞は鼓室の後上方にある直径1センチメートルほどの腔で、この腔の下方に乳突蜂巣がある。乳突蜂巣は側頭骨の乳様突起の内部構造にあたり、海綿状構造で多数の小腔からできている。これらの小腔は、内部に空気を含むことから、含気蜂巣という。この部分に細菌が侵入して乳様突起炎をおこすと、薬剤が効きにくく、治療が困難となる。乳様突起炎は中耳炎からも併発しやすい。鼓膜には知覚神経が分布しているため、きわめて痛覚が鋭敏である。

[嶋井和世]

動物の中耳

中耳は、鼓膜と内耳の間の部分で、両生類以上の脊椎(せきつい)動物にある。空気の振動を増幅し、聴覚受容器のある内耳に伝える役割をする。鼓室、鼓膜、耳管(エウスターキョ管)、耳小骨(鼓室小骨)からなる。魚類には中耳はないが、サメ類では第1鰓裂(さいれつ)の痕跡(こんせき)である呼吸口が中耳に相同であるとされている。鼓膜と内耳を結ぶ耳小骨は、両生類、爬虫(はちゅう)類、鳥類では柱状で耳小柱とよばれ、魚類の舌顎(ぜつがく)軟骨に由来する。哺乳(ほにゅう)類の耳小骨は、鼓膜につく槌骨(つちこつ)、内耳の前庭窓につく鐙骨(あぶみこつ)、両者を介在する砧骨(きぬたこつ)の3骨よりなる。鐙骨は耳小柱と相同であるといわれる。槌骨、砧骨は、魚類のあごの関節骨と方形骨がそれぞれ変化し、中耳内に収まったものであるとされる。耳管は下等魚類の排水孔に由来し、鼓膜の両側の気圧を等しく保つ役目をもつ。

[高橋純夫]

[参照項目] | 聞く | 鼓室 | 耳管 | 耳小骨 | 中耳炎 |
耳の構造
©Shogakukan">

耳の構造


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