Local Autonomy Law - Chiho Jichiho

Japanese: 地方自治法 - ちほうじちほう
Local Autonomy Law - Chiho Jichiho

Chapter 8 of the Constitution of Japan contains four articles on local autonomy, incorporating the local autonomy system as part of the governing structure and calling for matters relating to the organization and operation of local public entities to be determined by law in accordance with the "principle of local autonomy" (Article 92 of the Constitution). Based on this requirement, the Local Autonomy Act was enacted in 1947 (Showa 22) as the basic law on local autonomy. It is noteworthy that, in comparison with the Meiji Constitution before World War II, which contained no provisions on local autonomy and left the local system entirely to the dictates of laws and regulations, the current Constitution has a chapter dedicated specifically to the Local Autonomy Act, setting out basic guidelines.

The principle of local autonomy on which the Local Autonomy Law is based is the realization of group autonomy and resident autonomy. Group autonomy means establishing local public entities, such as prefectures and cities, towns and villages, that are independent of the national government, and granting them autonomous legislative, administrative and financial powers. Under the old prewar local system, prefectural governors were appointed by government officials, and the central government exercised strong guardianship and supervision. In contrast, under the current local autonomy system, central government involvement is kept to a minimum and necessary, and consideration must be given to the autonomy and independence of local public entities.

Another element constituting the essence of local autonomy is resident autonomy, which means that the politics and administration of local public entities independent of the national government are carried out based on the will of the local residents. Under the local autonomy system, indirect democracy is the rule, and not only are the members of the local assembly, the deliberative body, elected by the residents, but the head of the local public entity is also elected by the residents (the so-called chief system). However, to compensate for the limitations of indirect democracy, elements of direct democracy are also incorporated to a certain extent, such as residents' requests to enact, amend or repeal ordinances, and to request the dissolution of the assembly.

As mentioned above, the local autonomy system has made great strides compared to the old system, but many issues remain, such as the extent to which the national government should be involved in the affairs of local public entities, and how to increase the autonomy of local finances. The Local Autonomy Act itself has been amended frequently, but in 1999, the Law Concerning the Development of Related Laws to Promote Decentralization (the so-called Local Autonomy Omnibus Law) was enacted, abolishing the previously problematic system of delegated agency affairs and restructuring the affairs of local public entities into autonomous affairs and statutory entrusted affairs. The legal system concerning local autonomy is continually being reviewed.

[Fumio Anzai]

"Kuze Kintaka, 'Local Autonomy System' (1996, Gakuyo Shobo)""Harada Naohiko, 'Law and Mechanism of Local Autonomy' (1995, Gakuyo Shobo)""Tawara Shizuo, 'Local Autonomy Law' (1975, Yuhikaku)"

[References] | Indirect democracy | Public Offices Election Law | Chief system | Local assemblies | Local administration | Local public entities | Local autonomy | Local systems | Direct democracy

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

日本国憲法は第8章において、4か条にわたり地方自治に関する規定をおき、地方自治制度を統治機構の一環として組み入れるとともに、「地方自治の本旨」(憲法92条)に基づいて地方公共団体の組織および運営に関する事項が法律で定められることを求めている。この要請に基づいて1947年(昭和22)に制定された、地方自治に関する基本法が地方自治法である。第二次世界大戦前の明治憲法が地方自治に関する規定を置かず、地方制度をもっぱら法令の定める所に委ねていたのに比べれば、現行憲法が地方自治法に関してとくに一つの章を設け、基本指針を示していることは注目に値する。

 地方自治法が依拠する地方自治の本旨とは、団体自治と住民自治の実現にある。団体自治とは都道府県、市町村など国から独立した地方公共団体を設け、自主的な立法権、行政権、財政権などを付与することである。戦前の旧地方制度においては、府県知事に官選官吏があてられ、中央政府の後見的監督が強大であったのに比べ、現在の地方自治制度の下では中央政府の関与は必要かつ最小限度のもので、かつ地方公共団体の自主性、自立性に配慮したものでなければならない。

 地方自治の本旨を構成するもう一つの要素である住民自治とは、国から独立した地方公共団体の政治、行政が当該地域住民の意思に基づいて行われることである。地方自治制度の下においては間接民主主義を原則とし、議事機関である地方議会の議員が住民によって選挙されるのみならず、地方公共団体の長もやはり住民によって選挙される(いわゆる首長制)。ただし、間接民主制の限界を補うべく、住民による条例の制定・改廃の請求や議会の解散請求など一定の範囲で直接民主制の要素も取り入れられている。

 以上のように、地方自治制度は旧地方制度に比べれば格段に進展しているが、地方公共団体の事務に国がどの程度関与するのか、地方財政の自主性をいかに高めるか、などに関して課題は多い。地方自治法自体はしばしば改正されているが、1999年(平成11)には地方分権の推進を図るための関係法律の整備等に関する法律(いわゆる地方分権一括法)が制定され、従来問題の多かった機関委任事務が廃止となり、地方公共団体の事務が自治事務と法定受託事務に再構成されるなど、地方自治に関する法制度の検討は継続的に行われている。

[安西文雄]

『久世公堯著『地方自治制度』(1996・学陽書房)』『原田尚彦著『地方自治の法としくみ』(1995・学陽書房)』『俵静夫著『地方自治法』(1975・有斐閣)』

[参照項目] | 間接民主制 | 公職選挙法 | 首長制 | 地方議会 | 地方行政 | 地方公共団体 | 地方自治 | 地方制度 | 直接民主制

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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