A volcanic archipelago stretching from the southern tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula to the eastern end of Hokkaido in the North Pacific Ocean. It is shaped like a floral pattern and spreads out like a staggering 1,200 km long. In ancient Japan, Ezo was called the Kuril Islands or Kurumisei (also written as Kurumisei, derived from the Ainu word kuru, meaning "human being"), which is said to have become the name of the archipelago. It is roughly divided into three islands: the Northern Kuril Islands, the Central Kuril Islands, and the Southern Kuril Islands. The English name is Kuril Islands, and the Russian name is Kuril Islands Курильские Острова/Kuril'skie Ostrova, but the Japanese government's view is that politically, the name "Kuril Islands" does not include the Southern Kuril Islands. In the Russian Federation, Shikotan Island and the Habomai Islands are collectively called the Lesser Kuril Islands (Malaya Kuril'skaya Gryada). There are more than 25 major islands, but the 13 islands with an area of 50 square kilometers or more, listed from north to south, are as follows (Russian pronunciation is in brackets): Shimushu (Shumshu) Island, Araito (Araid) Island, and Horomushiri (Paramushir) Island (all in the Northern Kuril Islands). Onekotan (Onekotan) Island, Harumukotan (Harimukotan) Island, Shasukotan (Shashkotan) Island, Matsuwa (Matsua) Island, Rashowa (Rasha) Island, Ketoi (Ketoi) Island, Shinshiru (Shimshir) Island, Uruppu (Uruppu) Island (all in the Middle Kuril Islands). Etorofu (Itorup) Island and Kunashiri (Kunashiri) Island (both in the Southern Kuril Islands). [Kazuo Watanabe] NatureAll of these islands are volcanic islands that erupted along the edge of the Asian continent on the west side of the Kuril Trench, which was formed on the northwestern edge of the Pacific Plate (rock), and have a total area of about 10,000 square kilometers. Some of the islands have Tertiary layers exposed at their base, but almost the entire island is formed by volcanic ejecta. The coastlines are monotonous, with steep cliffs generally approaching the sea, and there are few good anchorages. There are more than 25 volcanoes over 1,000 meters above sea level, including Araidou Fuji (2,339 meters, Araidou Island), Chachadake (1,822 meters, Kunashiri Island), and Hitokappuyama (1,566 meters, Etorofu Island), and there are more than 16 active volcanoes (about 40 according to Russian sources). There are numerous cone volcanoes, calderas, submerged calderas, lava plateaus, double and triple volcanoes, and hot springs, so it is no exaggeration to call it a museum of volcanic topography. The climate is cool and humid monsoonal. Both temperature and precipitation decrease from south to north, with the average monthly temperature being -5 to -7°C in February and 17 to 9°C in August, and the average annual precipitation being 1,000 to 600 mm. From winter to spring, the Okhotsk coast is closed off by drift ice (lasting from February to May in some years), and the entire area is covered in thick fog in summer, with more sunny days in autumn. The vegetation is generally poor, with forests of Yezo spruce, Todo fir, and birch in the south, but only a few shrubs, wide bamboo fields, and bare land in the north, and on some islands the alpine plant zone begins immediately from the coast. The Miyabe Line on the Etorofu Strait (Fries Strait) between Etorofu and Uruppu Islands separates the Hokkaido and Kamchatka plant populations, which is a distinctive feature of plant distribution. Animals include brown bears, foxes, squirrels, and martens, and along the coast can be seen walruses, fur seals, seals, and whales. [Kazuo Watanabe] The situation before World War IIDuring the Edo period, it was called the Kuril Islands, and after the Treaty of Exchange of Sakhalin for the Kuril Islands in 1875 (Meiji 8), the entire area became Japanese territory, and was under the jurisdiction of the Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaido (currently the Nemuro Subprefecture) until the end of World War II in 1945 (Showa 20). The Southern Kuril Islands have a long history of development, and many people spent the New Year there. Agriculture, ranching, logging, and sulfur harvesting were also carried out, but the majority of the people were fishermen and those working in the marine and marine product processing industries. Marine products included salmon, trout, crab, cod, halibut, scallops, surf clams, and kelp, and some were sent to processing plants. The main settlements were Furukamappu (Kunashiri Island) and Shana (Etorofu Island). It is well known that in 1941, prior to the outbreak of war between Japan and the United States, the Japanese Combined Fleet assembled at Hitokappu Bay on Etorofu Island for a surprise attack on Hawaii. The Central Kuril Islands were under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, had a fox farm, and had no regular permanent residents. In the Northern Kuril Islands, in addition to a small number of permanent residents, fishermen employed by fisheries companies and others gathered in the summer to engage in fishing and seafood processing, with a population that reached 20,000 at its peak. Small settlements were located in Kataoka (Shumushu Island) and Kashiwara (Poromushiri Island). [Kazuo Watanabe] Current situation of the Kuril IslandsAfter the Second World War, the Soviet Union transferred the entire area to the Sakhalin Oblast (Karafuto) of the Russian Federation, and called Kataoka Baikovo, Kashiwara Severo-Kuril'sk (North Kuril City), Shana Kurilsk, and Furukabu Yuzhno-Kuril'sk (South Kuril City). The names of other settlements, mountains and rivers were also changed to Russian names. In the southern part of the area, rye and potato cultivation, livestock farming, and forestry were carried out, and collective enterprises such as sovkhozes that cultivate vegetables using hot spring heat, canned food complexes, and fishing kolkhozes were established. Fisheries, fish processing, fur breeding, and salmon and trout hatching businesses were thriving overall. The total population is said to be around 20,000, with the population growing mainly in the southern part of the archipelago. In densely populated areas there are schools, hospitals, cultural centers, commercial facilities and government offices. A television center has been located in Yuzhno-Kurilsk since 1973, relaying Moscow Broadcasting and other programs from space, and newspapers are reportedly published in the city and in Kurilsk. The central city of Yuzhno-Kurilsk and Kurilsk are connected by regular air routes to Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Toyohara) on Sakhalin. There is also a military base, but the scale is unclear. Although there is the Northern Territories issue between the two countries and Japan, working-level discussions have been held on such issues as safe fishing operations in the Kuril waters, catch limits for salmon, trout and other resources, and visits to graves. [Kazuo Watanabe] historyThe Ainu people have lived in the Kuril Islands for a long time, and they traded between the islands. The first Europeans to "discover" the Kuril Islands were the Dutch, who discovered the Southern Kuril Islands in 1643 when a ship from the East India Company commanded by Fries discovered them. However, they mistakenly believed that these islands were part of Japan or the North American continent. The Russians began exploring the Kuril Islands in 1711, and by the end of the 18th century they had advanced as far as the Southern Kuril Islands, imposing a fur tax on the indigenous people, and at one time made Uruppu Island a base for sea otter hunting. Meanwhile, in 1798 (Kansei 10), the Edo Shogunate of Japan dispatched a 180-man patrol to Ezochi, and Kondo Juzo (Morishige), who joined the patrol, traveled to Etorofu Island and erected a signpost reading "Great Japan Etorofu." The following year, Takadaya Kahee opened a sea route to Etorofu Island and established fishing grounds there. The Treaty of Commerce, Navigation and Demarcation between Japan and Russia in February 1855 (December 1st year of the Ansei era) determined that the area north of Uruppu Island was Russian territory, and the area south of Etorofu Island was Japanese territory. The Treaty of St. Petersburg of 1875 (8th year of the Meiji era) made all of the Kuril Islands Japanese territory. However, at the Yalta Conference towards the end of World War II, Stalin demanded the Kuril Islands as compensation for entering the war against Japan, and Roosevelt approved this. After Japan's defeat, the Soviet army occupied these islands, and on September 20th, 1945 (20th year of the Showa era), the entire Kuril Islands were declared Soviet territory, and they were incorporated into Sakhalin Oblast. Japan renounced its claim to the Kuril Islands in the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951, but the Japanese government maintains that the Soviet Union was not a party to the treaty, the ownership of the islands is undecided, and that the islands of Kunashiri, Etorofu, Habomai, and Shikotan are inherent Japanese territory. Meanwhile, in the Japan-Soviet Joint Declaration of 1956, the Soviet Union promised to hand over the Habomai Islands (Habomai Islands) and Shikotan to Japan after the conclusion of a peace treaty, but after the revision of the Japan-US Security Treaty in 1960, it agreed not to hand them over until all foreign troops had withdrawn from Japan, and later took the position that there was no territorial issue between Japan and the Soviet Union. Since the summer of 1979, the Soviet Union has also begun construction of a military base on Shikotan, and the Kuril Islands have come to attract military attention. Even after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, there has been no fundamental change in the Russian government's view of the Northern Territories. Later, in November 1997, Russian President Yeltsin, in a meeting with Prime Minister Hashimoto Ryutaro in Krasnoyarsk, stated his intention to resolve the territorial issue with Japan by the year 2000. Furthermore, in a meeting in Kawana, Izu in April 1998, Hashimoto proposed to Yeltsin that the border be demarcated for the Kuril Islands, marking a step forward toward resolving the territorial issue. However, there were also strong opponents within Russia who believed that the territory should never be ceded, and the road ahead was difficult. [Tsuguo Tonokawa] "General History of the Kuril Islands," compiled by the Hokkaido Prefectural Government (1977, Kokusho Kankokai)" ▽ "Natural History of the Kuril Islands," compiled by the Comprehensive Northern Culture Research Association (1977, Kokusho Kankokai)" ▽ "Cultural History of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin," written by Kimura Shinroku et al. (1984, Hokkaido Publishing Planning Center, Northern History and Culture Series)" ▽ "The Occupation of the Kuril Islands: Summer 1945," written by Boris Slavinski, translated by Kato Yukihiro (1993, Kyodo News) [References] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
北太平洋にカムチャツカ半島南端から北海道東端にかけて連なる火山性の列島。長さ約1200キロメートルの間に花綵(かさい)状に雁行(がんこう)している。日本では古く蝦夷が千島(えぞがちしま)、クルミセ(久留味世とも書き、「人間」を意味するアイヌ語の「クル」に由来)などとよばれ、列島の名称になったとされる。大きく分けて北千島、中千島、南千島に三分される。英語名クリル諸島Kuril Islands、ロシア語名もクリル諸島Курильские Острова/Kuril'skie Ostrovaであるが、政治的には、「クリル諸島」という名称に南千島は含まれないというのが日本政府の見解である。なお、ロシア連邦では色丹島(しこたんとう)と歯舞群島(はぼまいぐんとう)をあわせて小クリル列島Малая Курильская Гряда/Malaya Kuril'skaya Gryadaとよんでいる。主要な島の数は25を超えるが、面積50平方キロメートル以上の島を北から順にあげると、以下の13島である(〔 〕内はロシア語読み)。 占守(しむしゅ)〔シュムシュ〕島、阿頼度(あらいと)〔アライド〕島、幌筵(ほろもしり)〔パラムシル〕島(以上北千島)。 温禰古丹(おねこたん)〔オネコタン〕島、春牟古丹(はるむこたん)〔ハリムコタン〕島、捨子古丹(しゃすこたん)〔シャシュコタン〕島、松輪(まつわ)〔マツア〕島、羅処和(らしょわ)〔ラシュア〕島、計吐夷(けとい)〔ケトイ〕島、新知(しんしる)〔シムシル〕島、得撫(うるっぷ)〔ウルップ〕島(以上中千島)。 択捉(えとろふ)〔イトルプ〕島、国後(くなしり)〔クナシル〕島(以上南千島)。 [渡辺一夫] 自然いずれの島も、太平洋プレート(岩盤)北西縁に形成された千島海溝の西側に、アジア大陸の縁辺部に沿って噴出した火山島で、総面積は約1万平方キロメートルである。基底部に第三紀層を露出する島もあるが、島体のほとんど全部が火山噴出物で形成されている。海岸線は単調で、一般に急崖(きゅうがい)が海に迫り、よい投錨(とうびょう)地は少ない。阿頼度富士(2339メートル、阿頼度島)、爺爺岳(ちゃちゃだけ)(1822メートル、国後島)、単冠山(ひとかっぷやま)(1566メートル、択捉島)をはじめ、標高1000メートルを超える火山は25座以上、活火山も16座以上(ロシア資料では約40)ある。円錐(えんすい)火山、カルデラ、沈水カルデラ、溶岩台地、二重・三重式火山、温泉が多数あり、火山地形の博物館と称しても過言ではない。 気候は冷涼・湿潤なモンスーン気候である。気温・降水量とも南から北へ向かうほど低くなり、月平均気温は2月零下5~零下7℃、8月17~9℃、年降水量1000~600ミリメートルとなる。冬から春にかけてオホーツク海岸は流氷に閉ざされ(もっとも長い年で2~5月にわたる)、夏には全域で濃霧が続き、秋に晴天が多くなる。 植生は一般に貧しく、南部ではエゾマツ、トドマツ、カンバなどの林があるが、北部ではわずかな低木と広い笹(ささ)原、裸地となり、海岸からただちに高山植物帯が始まる島もある。植物分布では択捉―得撫島間の択捉海峡(フリース海峡)上の宮部線(みやべせん)により、北海道系、カムチャツカ系の分布が分かれるという特色がある。動物ではヒグマ、キツネ、リス、テンの類、沿岸部にセイウチ、オットセイ、アザラシ、クジラ類がみられる。 [渡辺一夫] 第二次世界大戦前の状況江戸時代は千島国とよばれ、1875年(明治8)の樺太・千島交換条約(からふとちしまこうかんじょうやく)以後は全域が日本の領土となり、第二次世界大戦終結の1945年(昭和20)まで北海道根室支庁(ねむろしちょう)(現、根室振興局)管内にあった。南千島は開発の歴史が古く、「越年(おつねん)」する者も多かった。農業、牧場経営、伐木、硫黄(いおう)採取なども行われたが、もっとも多かったのは漁業者と水産業・水産加工業従事者であった。水産物はサケ、マス、カニ、タラ、オヒョウ、ホタテガイ、ホッキガイ、コンブなどで、一部は加工場に回された。中心集落は古釜布(ふるかまっぷ)(国後島)と紗那(しゃな)(択捉島)。1941年、日米開戦に先だち、日本の連合艦隊がハワイ奇襲のために択捉島単冠湾(ひとかっぷわん)に集結したことはよく知られている。中千島は農林省の管轄下に置かれ、養狐(ようこ)場があり、一般の定住者はなかった。北千島は少数の定住者のほか、水産会社などに雇われた繰込み漁夫が夏季に集まり、漁業・水産加工に従事し、盛時には2万人に達した。小集落が片岡(占守島)、柏原(幌筵島)にあった。 [渡辺一夫] 千島の現状第二次世界大戦後、ソ連は全域をロシア連邦共和国サハリン州(樺太(からふと))に所属せしめ、片岡をバイコボБаиково/Baikovo、柏原をセベロ・クリリスクСеверо‐Курильск/Severo-Kuril'sk(北クリル市の意)、紗那をクリリスク、古釜府をユージノ・クリリスクЮжно‐Курильск/Yuzhno-Kuril'sk(南クリル市)とよんだ。また、その他の集落、山河の名称もロシア名にかえた。南部ではライムギ、ジャガイモの栽培、畜産、林業が行われ、温泉熱利用の野菜を栽培するソフホーズ、缶詰コンビナート、漁業コルホーズなどの集団企業ができた。全体に水産、水産加工、毛皮獣飼育、サケ・マス孵化(ふか)事業は盛んである。 全人口は約2万と伝えられ、列島南部を中心に人口が増大している。人口集中地区には学校、病院、文化会館、商業施設、行政機関がある。ユージノ・クリリスクには1973年からモスクワ放送などを宇宙中継するテレビセンターが置かれ、同市とクリリスクで新聞も発行されていると伝えられる。中心市ユージノ・クリリスクおよびクリリスクは、サハリンのユージノ・サハリンスク(豊原(とよはら))と定期空路で結ばれる。軍事基地もあるが、規模などは明らかでない。 日本との間には北方領土問題があるが、千島海域漁業の安全操業、サケ・マスなどの資源捕獲量、墓参などについては、実務レベルで協議が行われてきた。 [渡辺一夫] 歴史千島列島には昔からアイヌが住んでおり、彼らは島伝いに交易を行った。千島列島を最初に「発見」したヨーロッパ人はオランダ人で、1643年フリースの指揮する東インド会社の船が南千島を発見した。しかし彼らは誤って、これらの島を日本や北米大陸の一部だと信じた。ロシア人が千島列島の探検に乗り出したのは1711年で、18世紀の末までに南千島にまで進出し、先住民に毛皮税を課し、一時は得撫島をラッコ猟の根拠地とした。 一方、日本の江戸幕府は1798年(寛政10)180人からなる蝦夷地巡察隊を派遣し、これに加わった近藤重蔵(こんどうじゅうぞう)(守重(もりしげ))は択捉島に渡って「大日本恵登呂府」の標柱を立てた。翌年、高田屋嘉兵衛(たかだやかへえ)によって択捉島への航路が開かれ、漁場もつくられた。 1855年2月(安政1年12月)の日露通好条約により、千島列島の帰属は得撫島以北がロシア領、択捉島以南が日本領と決まった。このあと1875年(明治8)の樺太・千島交換条約(サンクト・ペテルブルグ条約)で、全千島列島が日本領土となった。しかし第二次世界大戦末期のヤルタ会談で、スターリンは対日参戦の代償として千島列島を要求し、ルーズベルトはこれを承認した。日本の敗戦後、ソ連軍はこれらの島に進駐し、1945年(昭和20)9月20日千島全域がソ連領であると宣言され、サハリン州に編入された。 日本は1951年(昭和26)のサンフランシスコ講和条約で千島列島の領有権を放棄したが、日本政府は、この条約にはソ連は加盟しておらず、列島の帰属は未定であり、また国後、択捉、歯舞、色丹の諸島は日本の固有の領土だとの立場をとっている。一方ソ連は1956年の日ソ共同宣言で、平和条約締結後、歯舞諸島(歯舞群島)と色丹島を日本に引き渡すことを約束したが、1960年の日米安全保障条約改定後は、日本から外国軍隊が撤退するまでは引き渡さないというようになり、さらにその後、日ソ間に領土問題は存在しないとの立場をとるようになった。1979年夏以降、ソ連は色丹島にも軍事基地の建設を始め、千島列島は軍事的にも注目されるようになった。1991年のソ連解体後も、ロシア連邦政府の北方領土に対する考えに基本的変化はなかった。その後、ロシアの大統領エリツィンは、1997年(平成9)11月のクラスノヤルスクでの首相橋本龍太郎との会談で、日本との領土問題を2000年までに解決するとの意向を語った。さらに1998年4月の伊豆川奈での会談では、橋本龍太郎の側からエリツィンに千島列島の国境線画定が提案され、領土問題は解決に向かって一歩前進した。しかしロシア国内には領土はけっして譲るべきではないとの強硬な反対派もいて、前途は多難である。 [外川継男] 『北海道庁編『千島概誌』(1977・国書刊行会)』▽『綜合北方文化研究会編『千島博物誌』(1977・国書刊行会)』▽『木村信六他著『千島・樺太の文化誌』(1984・北海道出版企画センター・北方歴史文化叢書)』▽『ボリス・スラヴィンスキー著、加藤幸廣訳『千島占領―1945年夏』(1993・共同通信社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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