Knowledge representation

Japanese: 知識表現 - ちしきひょうげん(英語表記)knowledge representation
Knowledge representation
To formalize knowledge so that it can be processed by a computer. There are two ways of expressing knowledge: declarative and procedural. Declarative representation is a set of declared facts such as "is", while procedural representation expresses operations related to an object as a series of procedures such as "does". Declarative representation is like a dictionary, so it has excellent modularity such as insertion, replacement, division and integration, and it is easy to modify or add knowledge. On the other hand, procedural representation can naturally express actions related to an object. In actual knowledge representation, both are often combined. Representative declarative knowledge representation methods include predicate logic, semantic networks, frames (→ frame theory), production rules (→ production systems), and scripts (→ script theory). Procedural knowledge representation corresponds to programs written in procedural languages ​​such as Fortran. In addition, there are two types of classification based on the type of knowledge of the object being expressed: factual knowledge representation and empirical knowledge representation. Factual knowledge representation is a representation of facts that are well known about the object and whose truth or falsity is clear. Empirical knowledge representation is the representation of knowledge that is acquired empirically, such as the know-how of experts. Factual knowledge is often expressed as frames or semantic networks, while empirical knowledge is often expressed as production rules. An important issue in knowledge engineering is the standardization of knowledge systems so that it is possible to utilize multiple languages ​​and different types of knowledge, and to infer knowledge that is not explicitly possessed from the underlying concepts. (→ Artificial Intelligence)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
知識をコンピュータで処理可能とするために形式化すること。知識の表現方法として,宣言的表現と手続き的表現の二つの立場がある。宣言的表現は「…は…である」という宣言された事実の集合として,手続き的表現は「…を…する」というように対象に関する操作を一連の手続きで表現するものである。宣言的表現は辞書のようなものなので,挿入したり,入れ替えたり,分割・統合したりといったモジュラー性に優れ,知識の修正や追加が容易である。一方,手続き的表現は対象に関する動作などを自然に表現できる。実際の知識表現は両者を組み合わせて行なわれることが多い。代表的な宣言的知識表現方法としては,述語論理,意味ネットワーク,フレーム(→フレーム理論),プロダクションルール(→プロダクションシステム),スクリプト(→スクリプト理論)などがある。また,手続き的知識表現はフォートランなどの手続き型言語で書かれたプログラムが相当する。また,表現する対象の知識の種類による分類として,事実知識表現と経験的知識表現とがある。事実知識表現は,対象に関してよく知られており,真偽が明確な事実の表現である。経験的知識表現は,専門家がもつノウハウのように経験的に獲得される知識の表現である。事実知識はフレームや意味ネットワークで,経験的知識はプロダクションルールで表現されることが多い。多言語,異種の知識を利用したり,明示的にもっていない知識でもその基底にある概念から推論したりできるように,知識体系を規格化・標準化することが知識工学における重要な課題になっている。(→人工知能)

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