Knowledge-intensive industry

Japanese: 知識集約型産業 - ちしきしゅうやくがたさんぎょう
Knowledge-intensive industry

Generally speaking, this refers to industries that require advanced assembly techniques and also require advanced, multifaceted intellectual labor, such as research and development, design, and specialized knowledge.

According to the definition in the report of the Industrial Structure Council of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (now the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry) in 1971, industries are classified into four categories: (1) research and development-intensive industries (computers, aircraft, atomic energy, marine development, etc.), (2) advanced assembly industries (pollution prevention equipment, educational equipment, numerically controlled machine tools, factory-produced housing, etc.), (3) fashion industry (luxury clothing, home furnishings, electric music equipment, etc.), and (4) knowledge industries (information processing services, consulting, software development, etc.). However, knowledge intensification is progressing in all industrial fields, and it is difficult to identify individual industries as knowledge-intensive.

During the period of high economic growth, the Japanese economy achieved heavy chemical industrialization that surpassed international standards through the development of key industries such as the steel, petrochemical, and automobile industries. However, in order to respond to diversifying domestic and international needs, the country has since made efforts to develop products with high performance and fashionability, primarily in the consumer goods industry, and has shifted from small-variety, mass production to small-variety, small-volume production (although small-variety production assumes a certain level of large-scale production). This has led to the advancement of knowledge-intensive industries and the sophistication of industrial activity in general. The Industrial Structure Council's 1971 report on the shift to a "knowledge-intensive industrial structure" anticipated such a situation. In terms of industrial location policy, there has also been a shift from the regional location of coastal heavy chemical industries (the New Industrial City Concept) of the high economic growth period to the technopolis (high technology accumulation city) concept, which combines industry, academia (technical universities, private research institutes, etc.) and housing (creating a prosperous town) with the location of cutting-edge technology industries such as electronics and machinery at the core.

Compared to large-scale mass production manufacturing (capital-intensive industries), knowledge-intensive industries are labor-intensive industries centered on intellectual labor, and in Japan, which has a large, highly educated workforce, knowledge-intensive industries are particularly promising.The employment effects are expected to be particularly great, especially in small and medium-sized enterprises such as venture businesses, and are believed to lead to a new revitalization of the Japanese economy as a whole.

[Shinichi Tonomura]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般に高度な組立て技術を必要とする産業で、研究開発、デザイン、専門的知識など、高度で多面的な知的労働が要求される産業のこと。

 1971年(昭和46)の通産省(現経済産業省)産業構造審議会の答申の定義によれば、(1)研究開発集約産業(コンピュータ、航空機、原子力、海洋開発等)、(2)高度組立て産業(公害防止機器、教育機器、数値制御工作機械、工場生産住宅等)、(3)ファッション産業(高級衣類、住宅調度品、電気音楽機器等)、(4)知識産業(情報処理サービス、コンサルティング、ソフトウェア開発等)の四つに分類されているが、知識集約化はどの産業分野でも進行しており、個別産業を知識集約型として特定することは困難である。

 日本経済は、高度成長期を通じて、鉄鋼業や石油化学工業、自動車工業といった基幹産業の発展により、国際水準を凌駕(りょうが)する重化学工業化を達成したが、その後、多様化する内外のニーズに対応するため、消費財産業を中心に、高度な性能やファッション性の高い製品の開発に努め、少品種・大量生産から多品種・少量生産(少量といっても一定の大規模生産を前提とする)に移行するようになり、産業の知識集約化が進み、産業活動が全般に高度化している。1971年の産業構造審議会の「知識集約型産業構造」への転換という答申はこのような事態を想定したものだった。産業立地政策の面でも、高度成長期の臨海型重化学工業の地方立地(新産業都市構想)から、電子・機械などの先端的技術産業群の立地を核に、産・学(工科系大学、民間研究所など)・住(潤いのある街づくり)を複合したテクノポリス(高度技術集積都市)構想への転換がみられる。

 知識集約型産業は、量産型大工業(資本集約型産業)に比べ、知的労働を中心とする労働集約型産業であり、高い教育水準を有する労働人口を多量に抱えている日本では、その点きわめて有望であり、とくに、ベンチャー・ビジネスなど中小企業を中心に、その雇用効果が期待され、ひいては日本経済全体の新たな活性化につながるものとされている。

[殿村晋一]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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