(1) It is sometimes used as a classification of the grain size of gravel, referring to large angular boulders (also called boulders, with a grain size of 256 mm or more), and (2) as a synonym for a fault block, a fragment of the earth's crust bounded by a fault. In the case of (2), three types of blocks can be considered: geodetic blocks, geological blocks, and topographic blocks. Blocks of various sizes bounded by faults were formed by fault movements (block movements) that differed over time. Geodetic blocks refer to fault blocks on the surface of the Earth's crust that can be identified from highly accurate leveling survey data. In Japan, leveling survey data from the 1920s and 1930s revealed minute differential movements of blocks that could not be seen with the naked eye. From this, it was speculated that, upon closer inspection, some of the complex block structures that resemble marquetry were influenced by new block movements. Geological blocks include large geological tectonic units such as oceanic blocks, continental blocks, and shield blocks, fault blocks under unconformity surfaces, and fault blocks flattened by erosion. Geomorphological blocks are fault blocks that appear in the relief of topography, such as fault mountains and fault basins. The development of this type of block is particularly evident in areas where the Caledonian orogeny and Variscan orogeny took place, as well as in the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt and the Circum-Pacific orogenic belt. [Takuma Arii] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
(1)礫(れき)の粒径の一区分として、角礫状の巨礫(ボールダーboulderともいい、粒径256ミリメートル以上)をさしていう場合と、(2)断層で限られた地殻の断片、すなわち断層地塊の同義語として用いられる場合がある。(2)の場合、測地学的地塊、地質学的地塊、地形学的地塊の三つの型の地塊が考えられる。 断層で限られた大小さまざまな地塊(ブロックblock)は、時代的に異なった断層運動(地塊運動)で形成される。測地学的地塊は、精度の高い水準測量の改測資料から判明する地殻表面部の断層地塊をさしている。日本では1920年代~1930年代に水準測量の改測資料によって、肉眼では観察できない地塊の微細な差別運動が明らかにされた。このことから詳しくみると、寄木細工のような複雑な地塊構造の一部が、新しい地塊運動の影響を受けていることが推定されるようになった。 地質学的地塊には、海洋地塊、大陸地塊、楯状地(たてじょうち)地塊などのように地質学的大構造単元、不整合面下にある断層地塊や侵食で平坦(へいたん)化された断層地塊などがある。また、地形学的地塊は、断層山地や断層盆地などのように、地形の起伏に現れた断層地塊をいう。このタイプの地塊の発達は、カレドニア造山運動やバリスカン造山運動などが行われた地帯や、アルプス‐ヒマラヤ造山帯や環太平洋造山帯などに顕著にみられる。 [有井琢磨] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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