Elasticity

Japanese: 弾力性 - だんりょくせい(英語表記)elasticity
Elasticity

It is a measure of how much an economic variable y changes in response to a 1% change in x. When x changes by Δ x and y changes by Δ y, the elasticity of y with respect to x is:

When the elasticity value is greater than one, a 1% change in x results in a greater or smaller change in y, and y is said to be elastic. When the elasticity value is one, a 1% change in x results in a 1% change in y, and y is said to be neutral. When the elasticity value is less than one, y is said to be inelastic, and a 1% change in x results in a smaller or equal change in y.

There are various types of elasticity, but one of the most representative is elasticity of demand. Normally, the demand for a certain good decreases when its price rises and increases when income increases. "Price elasticity" of demand measures the percentage decrease in demand when the price increases by 1%, while "income elasticity" of demand measures how much demand increases when income increases by 1%. In general, the price elasticity and income elasticity of demand for necessities are lower than unity. In other words, for necessities, the demand does not change much even if the price changes or people's income decreases or increases. In contrast, for luxury goods, both price elasticity and income elasticity are higher than unity. In other words, the greater the increase in income and the greater the reduction in price, the greater the increase in demand for that good.

In addition, many other concepts of elasticity are used, such as the elasticity of expectations, the elasticity of substitution, and the elasticity of expenditures. Economic variables generally change in a correlated manner, and elasticity, which indicates the degree of correlation, plays an important role in economic analysis.

[Toshiyuki Uchijima]

"Microeconomics" by Shinohara Miyoshihei (1979, Chikuma Shobo)

[Reference] | Elasticity of substitution

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ある経済変数xが1%変化したとき、それに反応して他の変数yが何%変化するかを測る尺度をいう。xがΔxだけ変化し、yがΔyだけ変化するときには、yのxについての弾力性は、

で示される。この弾力性の値が1より大きいと、xの1%の変化はそれ以上のyの変化をもたらし、yは弾力的であるといわれる。弾力性の値が一であると、xの1%の変化はyの1%の変化をもたらし、yは中立的であるという。弾力性の値が一より小さいと、yは非弾力的であるといい、xの1%の変化はそれ以下のyの変化しかもたらさない。

 弾力性にはいろいろあるが、代表的なものとして需要の弾力性があげられる。通常の場合には、ある財の需要量は、その財の価格が上昇すると減少し、所得が増えると増加する。価格が1%増えると需要量が何%減少するかを測るのが、需要の「価格弾力性」であり、所得が1%増えるとどれくらい需要量が増えるかを示すのが、需要の「所得弾力性」である。一般に、必需品の価格弾力性と所得弾力性は一より低い値となる。すなわち、必需品の場合には、価格が変化しても、また人々の所得が減ったり増えたりしても、需要量はさして変化しない。これに対して奢侈(しゃし)品の場合には、価格弾力性も所得弾力性も一より大きい値となる。すなわち、所得の伸びが大きいほど、またその価格の下げ幅が大きいほど、それへの需要の伸びが大きくなるのである。

 そのほか、予想の弾力性、代替の弾力性、支出弾力性など、多くの弾力性の概念が利用されている。経済変数は相互に関連しあって変化するのが一般的であり、その関連の度合いを示す弾力性は、経済分析において重要な役割を果たしている。

[内島敏之]

『篠原三代平著『ミクロ経済学』(1979・筑摩書房)』

[参照項目] | 代替の弾力性

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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