In a power supply or an electrical or electronic circuit, this refers to a state in which two points that generate voltage are electrically connected by contact or by a conductor with relatively low resistance (impedance). It is also called a short circuit or short circuit. Water can also cause a short circuit. If an electronic device is dropped into water, it will stop working because the circuit is shorted. If a generator or electric circuit that generates voltage is shorted, a large current will flow and the generator or circuit may burn. Therefore, circuit breakers and fuses are installed in transmission and distribution lines and electrical equipment to prevent burning by shortening the time that excessive current flows as much as possible even in the event of a short circuit. If dust that has accumulated around a power outlet or inside an electronic device is left for a long time, it will carbonize and electricity will flow more easily, causing a short circuit and a fire, so care must be taken. Short circuits like this often occur by mistake. In response to this, the terminals of electric meters and electronic devices are sometimes shorted when not in use to protect these devices. When the frequency is high, even if two points are connected with a conductor, if the length of the conductor is approximately the same as the wavelength or longer, the reactance cannot be ignored and a complete short circuit will not occur. [Madashi Fuse and Masazumi Yoshizawa] [Reference item] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
電源や電気・電子回路において、電圧の生じている2点間が接触して電気的に接続されたり、相対的に低い抵抗(インピーダンス)の導体で電気的に接続されたりする状態をいう。ショート、ショートサーキットともいう。水も短絡の原因となる。エレクトロニクス製品を水中に落とすと動作しなくなるのは回路が短絡するためである。電圧を生じている発電機や電気回路などが短絡されると、大電流が流れて発電機や回路などを焼損するおそれがある。そこで送・配電線や電気機器には、短絡した場合でも過大な電流の流れる時間をできる限り短くして焼損を防ぐために、遮断器やヒューズを設けてある。電源コンセント周りや、エレクトロニクス製品の内部にたまったほこりを長時間放置すると、炭化して電気が流れやすくなって短絡し、火災の原因となるので注意が必要である。このように短絡は誤って生ずる場合が多い。これに対し、電気計器やエレクトロニクス機器の保護のために、不使用時にはこれらの機器の端子間を短絡しておくこともある。周波数が高い場合、2点間を導線で結んでも、導線の長さが波長と同程度以上になる場合はリアクタンスが無視できないため、完全な短絡状態にはならない。 [布施 正・吉澤昌純] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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