Insulation material

Japanese: 断熱材 - だんねつざい
Insulation material

A material used between two adjacent materials with different temperatures to reduce heat transfer and maintain the temperature difference between the two. Usually, a base material with relatively high thermal conductivity is porous, fibrous, or granular, with many small pores, forming a composite with low thermal conductivity, but there are also multi-layer foil materials. Base materials with organic properties include foam plastic, cork, and wood fiber, while inorganic properties include asbestos, rock wool, glass wool, foam glass, ceramic fiber, diatomaceous earth, calcium silicate, magnesium carbonate, perlite, and vermiculite. In addition, they are classified according to the safe temperature range in which they can be used without shrinking or melting due to temperature effects and losing their insulating performance: (1) cold insulation material (below 100°C), (2) heat insulation material (100-500°C), (3) insulation material (narrowly defined, 500-1000°C), and (4) fireproof insulation material (over 1000°C). Refrigerant insulation materials are widely used in ultra-low temperature ranges such as for storing liquefied natural gas, freezers for food, insulation methods aimed at energy saving in buildings, and even in transportation and household goods. The use of organic insulation materials is almost limited to this temperature range, and they are required to be less prone to absorbing moisture at low temperatures. Examples of heat retaining materials and insulation materials include fireproof coatings that protect the steel frame of a building in the event of a fire, and insulating bricks used between fireproof insulation materials and the exterior skin. Fireproof insulation materials are used for lining the interiors of various industrial furnaces, and include fireproof bricks and castable refractories, and are required to have properties such as expansion and contraction properties and chemical resistance.

[Nobuaki Tsubouchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

異なる温度で隣り合う二つの材料間に設けて熱の授受を少なくし、両者の温度差を保つために用いる材料。普通、比較的熱伝導率の大きい基材が多孔、繊維状、粉粒状になって小気孔を多数もち、熱伝導率の小さい複合体の形態をとっているが、多層箔(はく)材料もある。基材が有機質のものにフォームプラスチック、コルク、木質繊維など、無機質のものに石綿、岩綿、グラスウール、フォームグラス、セラミックファイバー、珪藻(けいそう)土、ケイ酸カルシウム、炭酸マグネシウム、パーライト、バーミキュライトなどがある。また、使用時に温度の影響で収縮、溶融して断熱性能を低下しない安全使用温度域によって、次のように区分される。(1)保冷材(100℃以下)、(2)保温材(100~500℃)、(3)断熱材(狭義、500~1000℃)、(4)耐火断熱材(1000℃以上)。保冷材は液化天然ガス貯蔵のような超低温域用や食品などの冷凍庫から建築の省エネルギー化を目的とした断熱工法、さらには交通機関、家庭用品に至るまで広く用いられている。有機質断熱材の使用はほぼこの温度域に限られ、低温の場合は吸湿しにくいことも要求される。保温材、断熱材の例としては、建築物の火災時に躯体(くたい)の鉄骨を保護する耐火被覆や、耐火断熱材と外皮との間に用いられる断熱れんがなどがある。耐火断熱材は各種工業炉の内張りに用いられ、耐火れんがおよびキャスタブル耐火物などがあり、膨張収縮性、化学的抵抗性なども要求される。

[坪内信朗]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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