A volcanic landform formed by the wide-area flow of low-viscosity basaltic lava and the layering of layers of lava during a volcanic eruption. It was named after the shape of a face-down shield used by warriors and knights in the past. The mountain has a wide base, is relatively low in elevation, and has a gentle slope that rarely exceeds 6 degrees. The summit is generally a depression with a small crater or caldera compared to the larger mountain. Shield volcanoes can be formed in a short period of time by continuous eruptions during one active period (one cycle), but large ones are formed after hundreds of thousands of eruptions over a period of about one million years. Typical examples are Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii, and volcanoes in Iceland. Mauna Loa is long and narrow, so lava flows not only from the summit crater but also from two fissures (→ fissure eruption). Along with Mauna Kea, it is over 4,100 meters above sea level, making it the world's largest mountain mass in terms of both elevation from the sea floor (over 9,000 meters) and volume. On the other hand, Iceland's volcanoes are mostly monogenetic volcanoes, and are smaller in scale than the volcanoes on the island of Hawaii. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
火山の噴火に伴い,粘性の小さい玄武岩質の溶岩が広範囲に流れ,かつ多層に重なってできた火山地形。かつての戦士や騎士が使用した楯(盾)を伏せたような形をしていることから,この名がついた。山体は裾野が大きく広がり,標高は比較的低いものが多く,傾斜はなだらかで 6°を上回ることはほとんどない。頂上付近は大きな山体に比して小さめの火口やカルデラで凹地になっているのが一般的である。楯状火山は一つの活動期(一輪廻)の連続的な噴火で短期間に形成されることもあるが,大規模なものになると,約 100万年間に及ぶ数十万回の噴火を経てつくられる。典型例として,ハワイ島のマウナロアやマウナケア,アイスランドの火山がある。マウナロアは細長い形をしているため山頂火口だけでなく,2ヵ所の割れ目(→割れ目噴火)からも溶岩が流れ出ている。またマウナケアとともに海抜が 4100m以上あり,海底からの標高(9000m以上)や体積の両面において世界最大の山塊である。一方,アイスランドの火山は一輪廻の単成火山が多く,規模はハワイ島の諸火山に比べ小さい。
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