Daimyo Mansion

Japanese: 大名屋敷 - だいみょうやしき

These were houses given to feudal lords who went to Edo on the alternate attendance system. At first, there were no standards or criteria, and the shogunate arbitrarily granted land for houses to feudal lords who applied for it. However, when the alternate attendance system was institutionalized in the revised Buke Shohatto (laws for the warrior class) in 1635 (Kan'ei 12), and the establishment of Edo residences by feudal lords became common, a more planned allocation of the houses became necessary, and gradually the reallocation of the house sites began. In response to the development of its political system, the shogunate completed Edo Castle, and at the same time developed the Nishinomarushita area of the outer wall into an area for the residences of senior councilors and young councilors, and the area from Kandabashi Gate to Tatsunokuchi around Dosanbori was turned into an area for government offices such as the residences of senior councilors and councilors and the Tenso residence. As a result, the areas of Marunouchi, Kasumigaseki, and Nagatacho became areas of daimyo residences.

[Fujino Tamotsu]

Upper house, middle house, lower house

In the wake of the Great Edo Fire of 1657 (Meireki 3), the shogunate drew up a plan for the city of Edo, and moved the residences of the Gosanke (the three main families of Owari, Kii, and Mito) and other senior vassals that had been located within Edo Castle outside the castle, while dividing the daimyo residences into three: Kamiyashiki (upper residence), Nakayashiki (middle residence), and Shimoyashiki (lower residence). The Kamiyashiki were concentrated in Nishinomarushita, Marunouchi, and Sotosakurada for the convenience of going to the castle and being on duty, the Nakayashiki were located along the inner edge of the outer moat, and the Shimoyashiki were given to new areas near Edo (Yotsuya, Komagome, Shitaya, Honjo, etc.). The Kamiyashiki was also called the Iyashiki (residence), and was where the daimyo and their wives and children lived. The Nakayashiki later became the residence of the daimyo's heir, and the Shimoyashiki served as a vacation home, although some daimyo owned several properties.

[Fujino Tamotsu]

House sitter/Current employee

In addition to the daimyo's wife and children, retainers who entertained the shogunate and other daimyo also lived in the daimyo's mansion. The head of these retainers was generally called the "Rusui" or "Edo Karō" and held an important position in the feudal domain's organizational structure. Furthermore, when the daimyo was on duty at Edo, retainers from his home province lived with him, and when maids, chugen, and komono were added, the number of people in the daimyo's mansion rose to a large number. In addition to the caretaker, the Mori clan's daimyo residences had the Toyaku, who accompanied the feudal lord on his visits to Edo and always stood at his left and right to carry out government affairs. Below them were the Urahanyaku (abolished in the Kyoho era), Yodanyaku, Temotoyaku, Yuhitsuyaku, Yoshoyaku, Yagura Tonin, and Koginin, and were called Gyoshofu in contrast to the Kokushofu in the provinces. With such a large number of vassals living a consumer lifestyle in the big city of Edo, the expenses of the daimyo residences became huge, and this, combined with the costs of the daimyo processions, became the main cause of the daimyo's financial difficulties. Managing the finances of the daimyo residences became one of the important issues in the economic lives of the daimyo.

[Fujino Tamotsu]

[Reference] | Sankin-kotai

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

参勤交代によって江戸に参勤する大名に与えられた屋敷。初めは標準とか基準といったものはなく、幕府も屋敷地の下付(かふ)を申請した大名に対して任意に屋敷地を与えた。ところが、1635年（寛永12）の改訂「武家諸法度(ぶけしょはっと)」において、参勤交代が制度化し、諸大名の江戸屋敷の設置が一般化すると、計画的な屋敷割りが必要となり、しだいに屋敷地の再配置が行われるようになった。幕府は政治機構の整備に対応して、江戸城を完成する一方、外郭(そとくるわ)の西の丸下は老中・若年寄(わかどしより)などの官邸街に、神田橋門内から道三堀(どうさんぼり)のあたり竜(たつ)ノ口(くち)にかけては、大老・老中などの屋敷や伝奏(てんそう)屋敷のような官庁街にしたため、丸ノ内、霞(かすみ)ヶ関、永田町一帯が大名の屋敷街となった。

［藤野　保］

上屋敷・中屋敷・下屋敷

1657年（明暦3）の江戸大火を契機に、幕府は江戸の都市計画をたて、江戸城内にあった御三家(ごさんけ)（尾張(おわり)、紀伊、水戸）をはじめ、幕府の重臣の屋敷を城外に移すとともに、大名屋敷を上(かみ)屋敷、中(なか)屋敷、下(しも)屋敷の三つに分け、上屋敷は西の丸下、丸ノ内や外桜田に集めておいて、登城や勤番に便利なようにし、中屋敷は外堀の内縁に沿った範囲に配置し、下屋敷は新しく江戸近郊（四谷(よつや)、駒込(こまごめ)、下谷(したや)、本所(ほんじょ)など）に与えた。上屋敷は居屋敷ともいい、大名とその妻子が住んだ。中屋敷はのち大名世嗣(せいし)の邸宅となり、下屋敷は別荘としての役割を果たしたが、大名によっては数か所もっている者もあった。

［藤野　保］

留守居・当役

大名屋敷には、大名の妻子のほかに、幕府や諸大名の応接にあたる家臣が常住した。一般にその長を留守居(るすい)または江戸家老といい、藩の職制上重要な位置を占めた。しかも、参勤中になると、大名とともに国元から江戸勤番の家臣が住み、これに女中、中間(ちゅうげん)、小者(こもの)を加えると、大名屋敷の人数は多数に上った。毛利(もうり)氏の大名屋敷には、留守居のほかに、藩主の参勤に随行し、絶えずその左右にあって政務を行う重職に当役(とうやく)があり、その下に裏判(うらはん)役（享保(きょうほう)年間廃止）、用談役、手元役(てもとやく)、右筆(ゆうひつ)役、用所役、矢倉頭人(やぐらとうにん)、公儀人が置かれ、これを国元の国相府(こくしょうふ)に対して行相府(ぎょうしょうふ)とよんだ。これだけの多数の家臣団が江戸という大都会で消費生活を営んだため、大名屋敷の出費は巨額となり、大名行列に要する費用と相まって、大名財政の窮乏をきたす主因となった。大名屋敷でのやりくりは、諸大名の経済生活のなかで重要な課題の一つとなった。

［藤野　保］

[参照項目] | 参勤交代

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