Large intestine

Japanese: 大腸 - だいちょう
Large intestine

The large intestine is the part of the digestive tract that follows the small intestine, and is thicker and shorter than the small intestine. In humans, it is about 150 to 160 centimeters long. The large intestine is divided into three parts: the cecum, colon, and rectum.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Appendicitis

The cecum is the opening of the ileum into the large intestine. It is located in the right iliac fossa, and is roughly sac-shaped, about 5-6 cm long, with a blind end, hence the name. The lower end of the cecum is located in the middle of the inguinal ligament. In humans, the cecum develops weakly. At the opening of the ileum into the cecum (ileocecal opening), there is the ileocecal valve (colonic valve). This is a fold-like structure formed by the ileocecal end protruding into the cecum, and it serves to prevent the reflux of the contents of the large intestine. A thin blind tube, the appendix (vermiform process), about 6-8 cm long and 0.5-1 cm in diameter, protrudes from the inner posterior wall of the cecum. The location of the appendix relative to the abdominal wall corresponds to a point on the abdominal wall approximately one-third (3-5 cm) to the right of the line connecting the right anterior superior iliac spine and the navel. This point is called MacBurney's point, named after the American surgeon C. MacBurney (1845-1913), and is the tender point during appendicitis. However, because the cecum is prone to movement, the location of the appendix varies greatly from person to person. The existence of the cecum dates back to reptiles, but only humans and apes have a clearly defined appendix.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

colon

The colon follows the cecum and is divided into the ascending colon (approximately 15 centimeters long), transverse colon (approximately 40-50 centimeters long), descending colon (approximately 25-30 centimeters long), and sigmoid colon (approximately 40 centimeters long).

(1) Ascending colon: It begins at the upper end of the cecum, ascends in front of the right kidney on the right posterior abdominal wall, reaches the underside of the right lobe of the liver, bends almost at a right angle to the left, and becomes the transverse colon. Only the front and both sides of the ascending colon are covered by the peritoneum, and there is no mesentery. In other words, the posterior surface of the ascending colon is fixed to the posterior abdominal wall and does not move.

(2) Transverse colon It runs in front of the duodenum, ascending slightly to the left and heading leftwards. The transverse colon is wrapped in the mesentery and suspended from the posterior abdominal wall, making it highly mobile. When filled with contents, it hangs down to the lower abdomen and pelvis. The upper anterior part of the transverse colon comes into contact with the liver and gallbladder on the right side, but most of the rest of it is in contact with the greater curvature of the stomach and the spleen. The anterior wall of the transverse colon is separated from the anterior abdominal wall by the greater omentum, which descends from the stomach.

(3) Descending colon and sigmoid colon The descending colon begins on the left posterior abdominal wall, at the lower end of the spleen and in front of the left kidney, descends to the left iliac fossa, and continues to the sigmoid colon. Only the anterior part of the descending colon is covered by the peritoneum. The beginning of the sigmoid colon is not clear, but it is located in front of the left psoas muscle, bends in an S shape, and passes to the left of the sacral promontory into the rectum. The sigmoid colon also has a long mesentery that is highly mobile. In elderly men, this mesentery is prone to twisting, causing intestinal volvulus.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Rectum

The rectum is about 20 centimeters long, descends almost along the midline in front of the sacrum, and continues to the anus. The lower end of the rectum is called the rectal ampulla, and expands when filled with contents. A venous plexus is developed at the lower end of the rectum, which can easily cause hemorrhoids.

On the surface of the colon, three ridges are visible to the naked eye and run at almost equal intervals. They are formed by the convergence of the external longitudinal muscles of the colon, and are called the taenia coli. They can be seen from the appendix to the junction with the rectum. One taenia is the omental taenia that runs along the anterior wall and is connected to the omentum. One taenia is the mesenteric taenia that runs along the posterior wall and is attached to the mesocolon. In between the two is the free taenia, which runs independently. The presence or absence of these taenia coli helps distinguish it from the small intestine. Unlike the small intestine, the mucosal epithelial cells that cover the inner surface of the large intestine do not have villi. The number of goblet cells that secrete mucus is more prevalent in the lower mucosa of the large intestine, which is thought to facilitate the transport of contents. The numerous lymph nodes in the mucosal tissue of the large intestine are isolated lymph nodes.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Physiological effects

There are four types of movements in the large intestine: reciprocating swelling, segmental movement, multiple swelling propulsive movement, and peristalsis. Essentially, like the small intestine, there are peristalsis (the movement of the circular muscles contracting to transport the contents) and segmental movement (the movement of strong, discrete constrictions). When contents are sent from the small intestine to the cecum, reverse peristalsis occurs in the ascending colon, and the contents are moved toward the cecum. In addition, in the ascending colon, peristalsis occurring from the ileocecal area also occurs, slowing the movement of the contents, and water and other substances are absorbed and digested. On the other hand, peristalsis below the transverse colon is usually low, but when a meal is eaten, particularly strong peristalsis occurs due to the gastro-colic reflex. This peristalsis is seen significantly in the descending colon and sigmoid colon, and it transports the contents to the rectum, where it is deeply involved in defecation. At the descending colon and sigmoid colon stages, the contents are mainly solidified. The large intestine is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, with the parasympathetic nervous system promoting intestinal motility and secretion and the sympathetic nervous system suppressing them.

A viscous secretion is secreted from the glands distributed in the mucous membrane of the large intestine, but since it contains almost no digestive enzymes, it does not play a direct role in digestion, but it does play a role in protecting the wall of the large intestine from damage caused by the transport of contents. In addition, there are more than 100 types of bacteria, including E. coli, that reside in the large intestine as intestinal bacteria. These bacteria break down fiber, and there are said to be hundreds of billions of them per gram of feces, accounting for approximately one-third of the volume of the feces. In addition, intestinal gas is produced in the large intestine through the fermentation of carbohydrates and the breakdown of proteins.

Congenital absence of the nerve plexus in the wall of the large intestine is called Hirschsprung's disease, or congenital megacolon, and is a congenital disorder seen in children. This is a disease in which part of the colon narrows and the upper part swells greatly, and there is no treatment other than surgery. Flatulence is a condition in which abnormal gas accumulates in the large intestine. Mild cases are seen when there is severe constipation, but it can also be caused by intestinal obstruction or intestinal paralysis. Diarrhea and constipation occur when large intestinal motility becomes active or decreased. Severe diarrhea can cause physical exhaustion and can even be fatal in children, so care must be taken.

[Santa Ichikawa]

"Illustrated Physiology, edited by Shoichi Nakano, 2nd Edition (2000, Igaku Shoin)"

[References] | sigmoid colon | colon | flatulence | digestion | small intestine | peristalsis | E. coli | appendix | mesentery | intestinal volvulus | rectum | defecation | Hirschsprung's disease | segmental motility | appendicitis
Location of the large intestine
©Shogakukan ">

Location of the large intestine

Structure of the Colon
©Shogakukan ">

Structure of the Colon


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

消化管のうち小腸に続く部分で、小腸よりも太くて短い。ヒトにおける長さは約150~160センチメートルである。大腸は盲腸、結腸、直腸の3部に区別される。

[嶋井和世]

盲腸

盲腸は回腸が大腸に開く部分で、その位置は右腸骨窩(か)にあって、長さ約5~6センチメートルのほぼ球嚢(きゅうのう)状で、盲端になっていることからこの名前がある。盲腸の下端は鼠径靭帯(そけいじんたい)の中央部にくる。ヒトでは盲腸の発育は弱い。回腸から盲腸に開くところ(回盲口)には回盲弁(結腸弁)がある。これは回盲末端が盲腸に突出してヒダ(襞)状になったもので、大腸の内容物の逆流を防ぐ働きがある。盲腸の内後側壁から長さ約6~8センチメートル、直径0.5~1センチメートルの細い盲管、すなわち虫垂(虫様突起)が出ている。虫垂の腹壁に対する位置は、右の上前腸骨棘(きょく)とへそ(臍)を結ぶ線上で、右寄りほぼ3分の1(3~5センチメートル)の腹壁点に相当している。この点をアメリカの外科医マクバーネーC. MacBurney(1845―1913)にちなんでマクバーネー点MacBurney's pointといい、虫垂炎の際の圧痛点となっている。しかし、盲腸は移動しやすいため、虫垂の位置も個人差が著しい。盲腸の存在は爬虫(はちゅう)類からであるが、虫垂が明瞭(めいりょう)に存在するのはヒトや類人猿だけである。

[嶋井和世]

結腸

結腸は盲腸に続く部位で、上行結腸(長さ約15センチメートル)、横行結腸(長さ約40~50センチメートル)、下行結腸(長さ約25~30センチメートル)、S状結腸(長さ約40センチメートル)を区分する。

(1)上行結腸 盲腸の上端から始まり、右後腹壁で右腎臓(じんぞう)の前側を上行し、肝臓右葉の下面まできてほぼ直角に左方に屈曲して、横行結腸に移る。上行結腸は前面と両側面だけが腹膜に覆われており、腸間膜はない。つまり上行結腸の後面は後腹壁に固着されていて、移動はしない。

(2)横行結腸 やや左上がりに左方へ向かって十二指腸の前面を走る。横行結腸は腸間膜に包まれて、後腹壁から長く吊(つ)り下げられた状態となるため、可動性が大きい。内容物が充満しているときは下腹部や骨盤まで下垂する。横行結腸の上前面部は、右方で肝臓、胆嚢(たんのう)が接触するが、他の大部分は胃の大彎(だいわん)と脾臓(ひぞう)が接している。横行結腸の前壁は、胃から下降する大網によって前腹壁と隔てられている。

(3)下行結腸・S状結腸 下行結腸は左後腹壁で、脾臓の下端、左腎臓の前面から始まり、左腸骨窩まで下がり、S状結腸に続く。下行結腸も前面だけが腹膜に覆われている。S状結腸の始まりは明瞭ではないが、左大腰筋の前方にあり、S字状に彎曲して仙骨の岬角(こうかく)の左側から直腸に移る。S状結腸も腸間膜が長く、可動性が大きい。老年男子ではこの間膜がねじれて腸捻転(ねんてん)をおこしやすい。

[嶋井和世]

直腸

直腸は長さ約20センチメートルで、ほぼ仙骨の前面正中線を下行し、肛門(こうもん)に続く。直腸の下端は直腸膨大部とよび、内容物が充満すると膨らむ。直腸の下端には静脈叢(そう)が発達しているが、これが痔(じ)の原因となりやすい。

 結腸の表面には、肉眼的にも認められる3条の隆起線がほぼ等間隔で走っている。これは結腸の外縦走筋が集束してできたもので、結腸ヒモ(紐)とよび、虫垂の部分から始まり、直腸の移行部までみられる。1条は前壁を走る大網ヒモで、大網と結合している。1条は後壁にある間膜ヒモで、結腸間膜の付着部分にある。両者の中間にあるのがもう1条の自由ヒモで、これは独立して走っている。これら結腸ヒモの有無は小腸との区別に役だつ。大腸の内面を覆う粘膜上皮細胞は、小腸と異なり、絨毛(じゅうもう)がない。粘液を分泌する杯(さかずき)細胞が大腸の下部粘膜ほど多くなるのは、内容物の輸送を滑らかにするためと思われる。大腸の粘膜組織内にある多数のリンパ節は孤立リンパ小節である。

[嶋井和世]

生理作用

大腸の運動には、膨起往復運動、分節運動、多膨起推進運動、蠕動(ぜんどう)運動の4種類があるが、本質的には小腸と同じく、蠕動運動(輪走筋が収縮して、その内容物を移送する運動)と分節運動(とびとびに強いくびれが生ずる運動)である。小腸から内容物が盲腸に送られてくると、上行結腸に逆蠕動がおこり、盲腸のほうに移っていく。このほか、上行結腸では、回盲部からおこる蠕動もみられるため、内容物の移動は遅くなり、水その他の物質の吸収や消化が行われる。一方、横行結腸以下の蠕動は通常は少ないが、食事をとると、胃‐大腸反射によって、とくに強い蠕動がおこる。この蠕動は下行結腸とS状結腸に著しくみられるもので、これによって内容物は直腸にまで運ばれ、排便と深くかかわっている。下行結腸、S状結腸の段階では、内容物の固形化が主体となっている。なお、大腸は自律神経系によって支配され、副交感神経は腸管運動や分泌の促進に働き、交感神経はその抑制をつかさどる。

 大腸粘膜に分布する腺(せん)からは粘性に富む分泌液が出るが、消化酵素をほとんど含まないため、消化には直接関与はしないが、大腸の壁を内容物移送による障害から保護するという役をもっている。また、大腸内には腸内細菌として大腸菌など100種類以上の細菌が常在している。これらの細菌は線維の分解などを行うわけであるが、その数は糞便(ふんべん)1グラム当り数千億個ともいわれ、容積にすると糞便のほぼ3分の1を占めているという。このほか、大腸では糖質の発酵、タンパク質の分解などによって腸内ガスができる。

 大腸壁の神経叢が先天的に欠如しているものをヒルシュスプルング病、または先天性巨大結腸といい、小児にみられる先天性疾患である。これは結腸の一部が狭くなり、その上方が大きく膨れる疾患であるため、手術して治療するよりほかに方法がない。大腸内に異常にガスがたまる状態を鼓腸(こちょう)という。軽いものでは便秘が強いときにみられるが、腸閉塞(へいそく)や腸麻痺(まひ)によっておこることもある。大腸運動が盛んになったり低下しておこるのが、下痢と便秘である。ひどい下痢になると体力の消耗をきたし、小児では死亡することもあるので注意を要する。

[市河三太]

『中野昭一編著『図解生理学』第2版(2000・医学書院)』

[参照項目] | S状結腸 | 結腸 | 鼓腸 | 消化 | 小腸 | 蠕動運動 | 大腸菌 | 虫垂 | 腸間膜 | 腸捻転 | 直腸 | 排便 | ヒルシュスプルング病 | 分節運動 | 盲腸
大腸の部位
©Shogakukan">

大腸の部位

結腸の構造
©Shogakukan">

結腸の構造


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