A method of enforcement regarding alternative obligations under administrative law. The main method of administrative enforcement. It is set out in the Administrative Enforcement Act (Act No. 43 of 1948). When an obligor fails to perform an act (limited to acts that can be performed by another person) that is directly ordered by law (including orders, regulations, and ordinances based on delegation of law) or ordered by an administrative agency based on law, and it is difficult to ensure the performance by other means, and it is deemed that leaving the non-performance is significantly against the public interest, the administrative agency in question may perform the act that the obligor should perform or have a third party perform it, and collect the costs from the obligor. Affairs based on ordinances are also subject to this. For example, enforcement of orders to remove violating properties and weeds based on the Ordinary River Management Ordinance and the Grass Cutting Ordinance are examples of this. Only administrative obligations (obligations imposed by administrative regulations) are subject to subrogation, and obligations under private law, such as the obligation to vacate a government building after the use permit for that building has been revoked, are not subject to subrogation. Subrogation is only possible for obligations that can be performed by another person, that is, substitutive obligations (such as removing illegal buildings or illegally occupied properties), and non-substitutive obligations (such as the obligation to receive vaccinations) and obligations not to act (such as the obligation not to operate without permission) are not subject to subrogation. When the obligation holder's failure to fulfill his/her obligation significantly detrimentally affects the public interest, subrogation is usually possible, and the requirement that performance by other means be difficult is not applicable in practice. The procedure for substitute execution is to set a reasonable deadline for performance, and if performance is not achieved by that deadline, a written warning is given in advance to the effect that substitute execution will be carried out. If the obligor fails to perform their obligation by the deadline, the administrative agency will issue a substitute execution order, notifying them of the time when substitute execution should be carried out, the name of the person responsible for substitute execution, and a rough estimate of the costs required for substitute execution. The person responsible for execution must carry a certificate. To collect the costs incurred in substitute execution, the actual amount of costs incurred and the due date must be set, and the obligor must be ordered to pay them in writing. If payment is not made, the costs will be collected by administrative compulsory collection (rather than by civil litigation), following the example of national tax delinquency procedures. In addition, when a higher-level organization exercises its supervisory power to carry out matters that fall under the purview of a lower-level organization, this is also called substitute execution, and requires a legal basis. Regarding the method of forcing the national government to enforce the execution of legally entrusted affairs on local public entities, a system of mandamus lawsuits has been established (Article 245-8 of the Local Autonomy Law), but some laws also provide for a system of substitute execution. [Yasuhito Abe] [Reference Items] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
行政法上の代替的作為義務に関する強制執行方法。行政上の強制手段の主たる方法。行政代執行法(昭和23年法律第43号)が定める。法律(法律の委任に基づく命令、規則、および条例を含む)により直接命じられ、または法律に基づき行政庁により命じられた行為(他人がかわってなすことのできる行為に限る)について義務者がこれを履行しない場合、他の手段によってはその履行を確保することが困難であり、かつその不履行を放置することが著しく公益に反すると認められるときは、当該行政庁は、自ら義務者のなすべき行為をなし、または第三者をしてこれをなさしめ、その費用を義務者から徴収することができる。条例に基づく事務も対象となる。たとえば、普通河川管理条例、草刈り条例などに基づく違反物件や雑草の除去命令の執行などがそうである。 行政上の義務(行政法規によって課された義務)のみを対象とし、役所の庁舎の使用許可が取り消された後の明渡し義務など、私法上の義務は代執行の対象にならない。代執行をなしうるのは、他人がかわってなしうる義務、つまりは代替的作為義務(違反建築物や不法占有物件の除却など)に限り、非代替的作為義務(予防接種を受ける義務など)、不作為義務(許可を受けずに営業しない義務など)は代執行の対象とならない。 義務者が義務を怠ることにより公益に著しく反する場合には、代執行をなしうるのが普通で、他の手段による履行の困難という要件は実際上機能していない。 代執行の手続は、相当の履行期限を定め、その期限までに履行がなされていないときは代執行をなすべき旨をあらかじめ文書で戒告するという方法による。義務者が期限までに義務を履行しないときは、当該行政庁は、代執行令書をもって、代執行をなすべき時期、代執行の責任者の氏名、代執行に要する費用の概算による見積額を通知する。執行責任者は証票を携帯しなければならない。代執行に要した費用の徴収については、実際に要した費用の額および納期日を定め、義務者に対し文書をもってその納付を命じなければならない。その納付がないときは、国税滞納処分の例により、(民事訴訟の方法ではなく)行政上の強制徴収の方法によって徴収することとなる。 また、上級機関が下級機関の権限に属する事務を監督権の発動として自ら行うことも代執行といい、法律の根拠を必要とする。 なお、国の地方公立団体に対する法的受託事務の執行の強制方法については、職務執行命令訴訟の制度が置かれている(地方自治法245条の8)が、一部の法律では代執行制度が置かれている。 [阿部泰隆] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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