Just cause - Taigimeibun

Japanese: 大義名分 - たいぎめいぶん
Just cause - Taigimeibun

Dayi is a word that expresses the meaning that the right of the ruler and his subjects, that is, the duty of loyalty of a subject to his ruler, is regarded as the most important of human morals. When this is given priority over the affection between father and son, it is written that "the right of the ruler destroys the parents" (Zuo Zhuan, Spring and Autumn Annals, entry on the 4th year of the reign of Duke Yin). However, in China, the father-son relationship was considered more fundamental to human morality than that of the ruler and his subjects, so the above situation was rather exceptional. Mingfen is a word that means the distinction of roles (bun) corresponding to social status (ming), and it appears in ancient Chinese documents of Legalism and Taoism, but is not used in Confucian classics. It became a term used by Confucian scholars after Sima Guang of the Northern Song Dynasty stated at the beginning of his work Zizhi Tongjian that in order for a ruler to maintain social order, it is necessary to respect right of the ruler. Zhu Xi (Zhu Xi) of the Southern Song Dynasty compiled the Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu from a position of criticizing Sima Guang's view of history, but he hardly used the word "myōfun" in it or in his other writings. This is natural, since Zhu Xi's scholarship, that is, Neo-Confucianism, places the standard for judging the correctness of moral actions on the inner motivation of the individual's heart, and does not use formal or external things such as "myōfun". Therefore, the phrase "da yi myōfun" does not seem to have been used in China either.

However, in Edo-period Japan, as Neo-Confucianism became widespread, there was a tendency to place emphasis on the theory of "Kyokei" teaching intuitive cultivation rather than the theory of "Kyokei" representing the rationalistic side of Neo-Confucianism, and to understand Neo-Confucianism by expressing the pure feelings of an individual who follows a given order with the concept of "Kyokei". The representative of this was the school of Yamazaki Ansai, which emphasized the concepts of "daigi" (great cause) and "myobun" (reason) in order to teach conformity to order, and as a result of his influence, these concepts came to be generally considered to be distinctive of Neo-Confucianism. Asami Keisai, a disciple of Ansai, wrote "Seikenigen" (1688) in the first year of the Genroku era, famous for explaining the importance of "daigi" and "myobun" in this sense based on facts from Chinese history.

Under the influence of Yasuken's Testament and other works, the consciousness of Japanese people as citizens in relation to foreign countries and the obligation of loyalty to the Emperor as the sovereign of the nation came to be expressed in the phrase "taigi meibun" at the end of the Edo period, and as a kind of ideal supporting political movements, it played a role in promoting the movement to form a unified nation that led to the Meiji Restoration. During this period, the term "taigi meibun" is thought to have represented almost the same meaning as the idea of ​​"justice" as something that justifies political actions. Perhaps as a result, in modern Japan, the term "taigi meibun" is commonly used to mean an argument for the legitimacy of a certain action, or a sign of its legitimacy, without necessarily being related to political actions or to any particular idea of ​​social order.

[Masahide Bito]

[Reference] | Neo-Confucianism | Jingxian Testament

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

大義とは、君臣の大義、すなわち臣下の君主に対する忠誠の義務を、人の道義のなかでも重要なものとみる意味を表現した語で、それが父子の間の親愛の情よりも優先させられた場合には、「大義、親を滅す」(『春秋左氏伝』隠公(いんこう)四年の条)と記述された。しかし中国では、君臣よりも父子の関係のほうが人倫の基本とみなされていたから、前記のような事態はむしろ例外的なものであった。名分とは、社会的地位(名)に対応する役割の区別(分)を意味する語で、中国の古代には、法家や道家の文献にはみえるが、儒家の古典のなかでは用いられていない。それが儒学者の用語となったのは、北宋(ほくそう)の司馬光(しばこう)が、その著『資治通鑑(しじつがん)』の冒頭で、君主が社会の秩序を維持するためには、名分を尊重する必要がある、との趣旨を述べて以後のことであろう。南宋の朱熹(しゅき)(朱子)は、司馬光の歴史観を批判する立場から、『資治通鑑綱目』を編纂(へんさん)したが、そのなかでも、またそれ以外の著述のなかでも、名分の語はほとんど用いなかった。朱熹の学問、すなわち朱子学では、道徳的行為の正しさを判定する基準を、個人の心の内面的な動機のあり方に置き、名分というような形式的・外面的なものを基準とはしなかったから、それが当然である。したがってまた、「大義名分」という熟語も、中国では用いられなかったようである。

 ところが江戸時代の日本では、朱子学が普及するとともに、朱子学の合理主義的な側面を代表する「窮理」の説よりも、直覚的な修養を教える「居敬(きょけい)」の説に重点を置き、与えられた秩序に随順する個人の純一な心情を、その「敬」の観念で表象することにより、朱子学を理解しようとする傾向が現れてきた。それを代表するのが山崎闇斎(あんさい)の学派で、この派では、秩序への随順を教えるために、「大義」や「名分」の観念を強調し、その影響により、これらの観念が朱子学の特色をなすものと一般に考えられるようになった。闇斎の門人である浅見絅斎(あさみけいさい)の著『靖献遺言(せいけんいげん)』(元禄一=1688)は、その意味での「大義」や「名分」の重要性を中国史上の事実に即して解説したものとして有名である。

 その『靖献遺言』などの影響のもとに、やがて幕末期になると、外国に対する日本人の国民としての自覚や、その国家の君主としての天皇に対する忠誠の義務などが、「大義名分」という熟語で表現されるようになり、それが政治運動を支える一種の理念として、明治維新に至る統一国家形成の動きを推進する役割を果たした。この時期における「大義名分」の語は、政治的行動を正当化するものとしての「正義」の観念と、ほとんど同一の意味を表象していたと考えられる。そのことの結果と思われるが、現代の日本では、「大義名分」の語は、かならずしも政治的行動とは関係がなく、また社会秩序についての特定の観念とも無関係に、ある行為が正当であることの論拠、ないしその正当性の標識、といった意味で、一般に用いられている。

[尾藤正英]

[参照項目] | 朱子学 | 靖献遺言

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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