Atmospheric refraction

Japanese: 大気差 - たいきさ(英語表記)atmospheric refraction
Atmospheric refraction
In astronomical observations, the position of a celestial body observed directly is slightly higher than its true position due to refraction in the Earth's atmosphere. The angle of this difference is called atmospheric refraction. Atmospheric refraction is 0 at the zenith, increases as the altitude decreases, and reaches a maximum of about 34.4' at the horizon. It is also affected by temperature and air pressure, but for altitudes above 15°, it can be accurately expressed to a few seconds by the following empirical formula: If temperature is t degrees Celsius and air pressure is p cm of mercury, then atmospheric refraction (seconds) at altitude angle h is {215 p /(273 + t )} cot h . It is also affected by other meteorological conditions, but the amount is extremely small.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
天体観測において,直接観測される天体の位置は地球大気の屈折によって真の位置よりもわずかに高度が高くなっている。この差の角度を大気差という。大気差は天頂において0,高度が低くなるほど大きくなり,地平線において最大の約 34.4′に達する。また,気温と気圧により影響されるが,高度 15°以上の範囲では次の経験公式によって数秒まで正確に表わされる。すなわち,気温 t ℃,気圧 p cm水銀柱とすれば,高度角 h における大気差 (秒) は {215p/(273+t)} cot h となる。他の気象条件によっても影響されるが,その量はきわめて小さい。

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