Ernest Solvay

Japanese: ソルベー - そるべー(英語表記)Ernest Solvay
Ernest Solvay

Belgian industrial chemist. Born in Labèque near Brussels to a salt manufacturer. He did not receive much schooling, but instead helped his father run the salt factory and studied physics and chemistry on his own. In 1859, he joined the gas company run by his uncle Florimond Semet and participated in its management, where he worked on improving gas and tar treatment methods. He particularly worked on treating ammonia, a waste product for which there was no suitable treatment method at the time, and this led him to begin research into the production of soda ash. When ammonia and carbon dioxide, which were generated during the concentration process of ammonia water, were absorbed into salt water, sodium bicarbonate (soda ash) was produced (1860). Solvay took notice of this and obtained his first patent in 1861, and began industrializing soda ash production. He founded Solvay in 1863 and began operations in 1865. In 1866, he succeeded in producing 1,500 kilograms per day, and saw the prospect of industrialization. The Solvay process eventually spread throughout the world, surpassing the Leblanc process to become the main method of soda production. Behind Solvay's success was the fact that he himself was a talented engineer, that he received both material and spiritual support from his family and relatives, and that in 1863, the year he established his factory, the Alkali Act, the first pollution prevention act in the UK, was enacted. The Leblanc process, which was mainstream at the time, was at a disadvantage, as it caused environmental destruction using hydrochloric acid and other substances. In addition, the price of ammonia fell due to gas production, which also gave the Solvay process an advantage.

In addition to managing chemical plants, he was also enthusiastic about promoting scientific research, establishing research institutes for physics, chemistry, sociology, and other fields, and inaugurating the Solvay Congress, an international conference on physics, in 1911. He also gained a reputation as a social reformer, having organized a committee to deal with the social unrest following the First World War.

[Yuji Jido]

[References] | Ammonia soda process | Soda industry | Solvay Conference | Leblanc process

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ベルギーの工業化学者。ブリュッセルの近くのラベックに製塩業者の子として生まれる。学校教育をあまり受けなかったが、父親が経営する製塩業を手伝うかたわら、物理や化学を独学で修めた。1859年、叔父であるスメーFlorimond Semetの経営するガス会社に入り、経営に参画、そこで、ガスやタールの処理法の改善に従事するようになった。とくに廃棄物として当時適当な処理方法のなかったアンモニアの処理法に取り組み、それがきっかけとなって、ソーダ灰の製造法の研究に着手するようになった。アンモニア水の濃縮過程で発生するアンモニアと炭酸ガスを食塩水に吸収させたところ、重炭酸ソーダ(ソーダ灰)の生成をみたのである(1860)。これに注目したソルベーは1861年に最初の特許をとり、ソーダ灰製造の工業化に着手。1863年にはソルベー社を設立し、1865年操業を開始した。1866年には日産1500キログラムの生産に成功し、工業化への見通しをつけた。やがてソルベー法は各国に普及し、ルブラン法を凌駕(りょうが)してソーダの主要な製造法となる。ソルベーの成功の背景には、彼自身が優秀な技術者であったことや家族縁者から物心両面の援助を受けることができたことに加えて、彼が工場を設立した1863年に、イギリスで最初の公害防止条例であるアルカリ条例が制定されたことがあげられる。当時の主流であったルブラン法は、塩酸などによる環境破壊をもたらし不利な条件下にあった。また、ガス製造によってアンモニア価格が低下していったこともソルベー法を有利にした。

 化学工場の経営だけでなく、科学研究の振興にも熱心で、物理学、化学、社会学などの研究所を設立し、1911年、物理学に関する国際会議であるソルベー会議を開始した。また第一次世界大戦後の社会混乱に対処するため委員会を組織するなど、社会改革者としても名声を博している。

[慈道裕治]

[参照項目] | アンモニアソーダ法 | ソーダ工業 | ソルベー会議 | ルブラン法

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Solvay Conference - Solvay Conference

>>:  Sorbs - Sorbs (English spelling)

Recommend

Kusunoki Battle Order - Kusunoki Battle Order

A record of the battle in 1333 (Genkō 3/Shokei 2)....

Pregnancy - ninshin (English spelling) pregnancy

Pregnancy is the phenomenon and state in which a ...

Kiyoyuki Miyoshi

A literary official in the early Heian period. So...

Alternating layers

A geological stratum in which two or more layers ...

Kuratsukiso - Kuratsukinosho

This manor was located across Ishikawa and Kahoku ...

Reclam, AP (English spelling) ReclamAP

…In 1828, Anton Philipp Reclam (1807-96), who fou...

UNIMA

...The Takeda Puppet Theatre (Takeda-za) was esta...

Robert Goffin

...In 1919, Swiss conductor Ansermet contributed ...

Kissinger, HA

...This strategy distinguished between strategic ...

Electrophoresis

In the past, it meant that when a pair of electro...

Logotherapy

...A theory put forward by the Austrian psychiatr...

Revaluation tax - Saihyokazei

A type of national tax levied when assets are rev...

Yuwa [town] - Yuwa

A former town in Kawabe County in the mid-west of ...

Kasagumo - Cap cloud

A cap-shaped cloud that occurs near the summit of...

Radish (English spelling)

An annual plant of the Brassicaceae family (illust...