Frederick Soddy

Japanese: ソディ - そでぃ(英語表記)Frederick Soddy
Frederick Soddy

British chemist and physicist. Born in Eastbourne. Studied at Oxford University, graduating in chemistry in 1898. From 1900 to 1902, he studied the radioactivity of thorium and uranium under Rutherford at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, and published a general theory of radioactive decay (1903), proposing that "radioactivity does not originate from chemical transformations, but from the decay of subatomic components." In 1904, he went to study under Ramsay at the University of London, who was then an authority on the analysis of minute amounts of inert gases, and succeeded in separating helium from radium bromide, providing the basis for Rutherford's verification of the nature of alpha particles. This achievement led to him being invited to the University of Glasgow as a lecturer in radiochemistry and physical chemistry, where he studied the decay processes of short-lived radioactive elements from 1904 to 1914 with the help of A. Fleck (1889-1968). In 1913, he discovered the displacement law of radioactive nuclides, the principle that governs the chemistry of radioactive conversion, and first introduced the concept of isotopes to the world. In 1914, he became a professor of chemistry at Aberdeen University, and from 1919 to 1937, he became a professor at Oxford University. In 1921, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on isotopes. He left behind many famous works, including Radioactivity (1904), The Interpretation of Radium (1909), The Interpretation of the Atom (1932), and Science and Life (1920). He also made contributions to economics.

[Otomo Akio]

"Radioactivity," edited by the Society for Research and Publication of the History of Physics (1970, Tokai University Press) " ▽ "The History of the Atom: From Dalton to Quantum Mechanics," by B. Scaulland, translated by Toru Hiroshige and Keiichi Tsuneishi (1971, Misuzu Shobo)" ▽ "The Self-Immolating Atom: A History of the Collaboration between Rutherford and Soddy," by T.J. Tren, translated by Kenzo Shimabara (1982, Sankyo Publishing)

[References] | Isotopes | Radioactivity | Rutherford | Ramsey

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イギリスの化学者、物理学者。イーストボーンに生まれる。オックスフォード大学に学び、1898年化学の学位を取得。1900年から1902年にカナダ、モントリオールのマックギル大学のラザフォードのもとで、トリウムやウランの放射能を研究、放射性崩壊の一般論を発表(1903)、「放射能の起源は化学的転換によるものではなく、原子よりも小さな構成要素の崩壊による」ことを提唱した。1904年、当時微小量不活性気体分析の権威として定評のあったロンドン大学のラムゼーのもとに赴き、臭化ラジウムからヘリウムの分離に成功し、ラザフォードによるα(アルファ)粒子の本性の検証の基礎を与えた。この業績によって放射化学、物理化学の講師としてグラスゴー大学に招かれ、1904年から1914年、フレックA. Fleck(1889―1968)の協力を得て、短寿命の放射性元素の崩壊過程の研究を行った。1913年、放射性変換の化学を支配する原理である放射性核種の変位則を発見、同位元素(アイソトープ)の概念を初めて世に示した。1914年アバディーン大学化学教授、1919~1937年オックスフォード大学教授。1921年同位元素の研究によりノーベル化学賞を受けた。『放射能』Radioactivity(1904)、『ラジウムの説明』The Interpretation of Radium(1909)、『原子の説明』The Interpretation of the Atom(1932)、『科学と生命』Science and Life(1920)など多くの名著を残した。経済学に関する業績もある。

[大友詔雄]

『物理学史研究刊行会編『放射能』(1970・東海大学出版会)』『B・スコーランド著、広重徹・常石敬一訳『原子の歴史――ドルトンから量子力学まで』(1971・みすず書房)』『T・J・トレン著、島原健三訳『自壊する原子 ラザフォードとソディの共同研究史』(1982・三共出版)』

[参照項目] | アイソトープ | 放射能 | ラザフォード | ラムゼー

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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